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. 2021 Aug 16;12:660263. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660263

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Liraglutide (Lira) attenuates hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction both in vivo and in vitro. (A) The representative images of immunofluorescence with 3-NT, scale bars = 20 μm and (C) endothelial cells TUNEL assay, scale bars = 20 μm, from db/m mice, db/db mice, and db/db mice receiving Lira (200 μg/kg/day) or vehicle treatment with saline infusion aorta tissue sections. (B) Quantification of the proportions of 3-NT positive cells and (D) TUNEL-positive cells of CD31+ cells. (E) Cell lysates of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to detect the 3-NT protein levels by immunoblotting. HUVECs cultured in different mediums containing normal glucose (NG; 5.5 mM), high glucose (HG; 33 mM) alone or with Lira (100 nM) for 72 h, and mannitol (MAN; 33 mM: 5.5 mM of glucose + 27.5 mM of D-mannitol) served as the osmotic control for the HG. (F) The quantitative analysis of the immunoblots. (G) Capillary-like tube formation, scale bars = 300 mm. (I) Fluorescence with DHE, scale bars = 100 mm and (K) TUNEL assay, scale bars = 100 mm, HUVECs were treated as indicated in (E). (H) Quantification of the tube length, (J) the DHE fluorescence intensity ratio, and (L) the quantitative analysis of TUNEL cells. (M) Cell lysates of HUVECs were used to detect the Bax, Bcl-2, and c-Caspase-3 protein levels by immunoblotting. HUVECs treated as indicated in (E). (N,O) The quantitative analysis of each immunoblot. All values displayed are means ± SEM of five independent experiments. &p < 0.05 vs. db/m mice; %p < 0.05 vs. db/db mice or vehicle treated db/db mice. #p < 0.05 vs. NG or MAN; and *p < 0.05 vs. HG.