Table 1.
Effects of interventions on anthropometry and body composition.
| C ( n = 23; Male = 2, Female = 21) | E ( n = 23; Male = 3, Female = 20) | EP ( n = 23; Male = 1, Female = 22) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
| Anthropometry | ||||||
| Body height (cm) | 157.4 ± 1.3 | 159.6 ± 1.9 | 156.9 ± 1.3 | |||
| Male | 168.8 ± 5.8 | 173.5 ± 0.5 | 170 ± 0.0 | |||
| Female | 156.4 ± 1.1 | 157.5 ± 1.7 | 156.1 ± 1.3 | |||
| BW (kg) | 68.7 ± 2.2 | 68.4 ± 2.2 | 71.8 ± 2.5 | 71.0 ± 2.5 | 67.1 ± 2.3 | 66.0 ± 2.1* |
| Male | 85.9 ± 11.6 | 83 ± 7.8 | 91.8 ± 4.7 | 91.4 ± 5.0 | 71.3 ± 0.0 | 68.5 ± 0.0 |
| Female | 67.1 ± 1.9 | 67.0 ± 2.1 | 68.8 ± 2.1 | 68.0 ± 2.0 | 66.9 ± 2.4 | 65.9 ± 2.2 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 0.7 | 27.5 ± 0.7 | 28.1 ± 0.7 | 27.8 ± 0.7 | 27.3 ± 0.9 | 26.8 ± 0.8* |
| Male | 30.0 ± 2.0 | 29.1 ± 0.8 | 30.5 ± 1.6 | 30.4 ± 1.7 | 24.7 ± 0.0 | 23.7 ± 0.0 |
| Female | 27.4 ± 0.7 | 27.4 ± 0.8 | 27.7 ± 0.7 | 27.4 ± 0.7 | 27.4 ± 0.9 | 27.0 ± 0.8 |
| Percentage body fat (%) | 41.7 ± 1.0 | 40.9 ± 1.0 | 42.7 ± 1.2 | 42.0 ± 1.1 | 40.3 ± 0.9 | 39.9 ± 1.1 |
| Male | 32.6 ± 0.3 | 30.7 ± 1.3 | 33.3 ± 2.1 | 33.2 ± 2.0 | 31.2 ± 0.0 | 27.6 ± 0.0 |
| Female | 42.6 ± 0.9 | 41.9 ± 0.8* | 44.1 ± 1.0 | 43.3 ± 1.0* | 40.8 ± 0.9 | 40.5 ± 1.0 |
| Body composition | ||||||
| AFM (kg) | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1* | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1* |
| Male | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 2.4 ± 0.0 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 |
| Female | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.1# | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1* |
| TBF (kg) | 27.7 ± 1.1 | 27.2 ± 1.1 | 29.8 ± 1.3 | 28.9 ± 1.2* | 26.6 ± 1.4 | 25.8 ± 1.4* |
| Male | 27.0 ± 3.6 | 24.4 ± 0.1 | 29.7 ± 2.8 | 29.4 ± 2.9 | 21.4 ± 0.0 | 18.2 ± 0.0 |
| Female | 27.8 ± 1.1 | 27.5 ± 1.2 | 29.8 ± 1.4 | 28.8 ± 1.4* | 26.8 ± 1.4 | 26.1 ± 1.4* |
| ASM (kg) | 16.8 ± 0.8 | 17.0 ± 0.7 | 17.4 ± 1.0 | 17.4 ± 1.0 | 16.7 ± 0.6 | 16.6 ± 0.6 |
| Male | 26.0 ± 4.0 | 25.5 ± 3.1 | 27.8 ± 0.8 | 27.5 ± 1.1 | 22.4 ± 0.0 | 22.5 ± 0.0 |
| Female | 15.9 ± 0.5 | 16.2 ± 0.5 | 15.9 ± 0.5 | 15.9 ± 0.5 | 16.4 ± 0.6 | 16.3 ± 0.6 |
| TSM (kg) | 38.9 ± 1.6 | 39.2 ± 1.5 | 40.0 ± 1.8 | 40.1 ± 1.8 | 38.8 ± 1.3 | 38.3 ± 1.2 |
| Male | 55.9 ± 8.2 | 55.6 ± 6.5 | 59.1 ± 2.9 | 59.0 ± 3.0 | 47.1 ± 0.0 | 47.6 ± 0.0 |
| Female | 37.3 ± 1.1 | 37.6 ± 1.1 | 37.2 ± 0.9 | 37.3 ± 0.9 | 38.4 ± 1.2 | 37.9 ± 1.1 |
Data were presented as mean ± SE. AFM, abdominal fat mass; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index; C, control group; E, exercise group; EP, exercise combined with high-protein diet group; TBF, total body fat mass; TSM, total skeletal muscle mass.
*
Significant change from the baseline.
#
A trend to change significantly from the baseline (0.1 > p ≥ 0.05).