TABLE 3.

Network meta-analysis for impact various pharmacological group interventions on primary and secondary clinical outcomes of male infertility.

Outcome parameter	Intervention vs. placebo	WMD [95% CI]	SE	z	p-value
Sperm concentration	Hormones	4.14 [1.83, 6.45]	1.18	3.51	0.000
	Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)	4.97 [1.61, 8.32]	1.71	2.90	0.004
	Supplement	6.26 [3.32, 9.21]	1.50	4.16	0.000
	Vitamins	0.15 [−20.86, 21.15]	10.72	0.01	0.989
Sperm morphology	Hormones	3.71 [1.34, 6.07]	1.20	3.07	0.002
	Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)	2.21 [−0.78, 5.20]	1.53	1.45	0.15
	Supplement	2.22 [−0.12, 4.55]	1.19	1.86	0.063
	Vitamins	0.51 [−3.60, 4.62]	2.09	0.24	0.808
Sperm motility	Hormones	3.47 [0.40, 6.54]	1.56	2.22	0.027
	Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)	6.69 [2.38, 10.99]	2.19	3.04	0.002
	Supplement	6.46 [2.87, 10.06]	1.83	3.52	0.000
	Vitamins	−1.21 [−11.84, 9.42]	5.42	−0.22	0.824
Serum total testosterone	Hormones	0.40 [−0.48, 1.28]	0.45	0.88	0.377
	Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)	1.83 [1.16, 2.50]	0.34	5.25	0.000
	Supplement	2.70 [1.34, 4.07]	0.69	3.87	0.000
	Vitamins	−0.70 [−6.71, 5.31]	3.06	−0.23	0.819
Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)	Hormones	1.29 [−0.79, 3.36]	1.05	1.22	0.223
	Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)	3.63 [1.480, 5.785]	1.09	3.31	0.001
	Supplement	−4.45 [−7.149, −1.758]	1.37	−3.24	0.001
	Vitamins	0.033 [−2.692, 2.760]	1.39	0.02	0.981