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Killing kinetics of aloe-emodin against Staphylococcus epidermidis strain BNCC102555. Change in CFU/mL at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after the addition of 0.5×, 1×, 2×, and 4× the MIC of aloe-emodin, levofloxacin, and oxacilin. A non-treatment group was included as a control. The values plotted are the mean ± S.E.M for three replicates. After 4 h of incubation, the number of live bacteria in the control was significantly higher than in the other groups (P < 0.05).
