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Leakage kinetics of intracellular substances in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Aloe-emodin increased cytoplasmic membrane permeability at concentrations of 1/4 MIC, 1/2 MIC, and 1 MIC. Oxacillin (1 MIC) was used as a positive control (PC), and untreated cells were used as a negative control (NC). The values presented are the mean ± S.E.M for three replicates. Single asterisk (*) indicates P < 0.05 and double asterisks (**) indicate P < 0.01 vs. NC.
