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. 2021 Sep 3;16(4):749–763. doi: 10.1007/s11701-021-01302-8

Table 1.

Summary of virtual reality simulator costs and validity

Simulator Year of release Cost (USD) Validation
da Vinci skills simulator 2011 $89,000 Face, content, construct, concurrent, predictive [4, 24, 25]
Mimic dV trainer 2007 $158,000 Face, content, construct, concurrent, predictive [1, 4, 24, 25]
ProMIS simulator 2003 $50,000 Face, content, construct [4, 24, 27]
Simsurgery Educational Platform 2005 $62,000 Face, content, construct [4, 24]
Robotic Surgical Simulator 2010 $120,000 Face, content [4, 24]
RobotiX Mentor 2016 $137,000 Face, content, construct [4, 24]