Table 3.
Logistic and negative binomial regression estimates for any alcohol use and days of any alcohol use among the longitudinal sample (N = 439) and among students with any Wave I alcohol use (N = 238)
| Any alcohol use |
Days of any alcohol use |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Marginal effects (SE) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Marginal effects (SE) | Rate ratio (95% CI) | Marginal effects (SE) | Rate ratio (95% CI) | Marginal effects (SE) | |
| Covid-19 stressors/stress | ||||||||
| Student work reduction | .515 (.221–1.200) | −.0961 (.0622) | .438 (.115–1.672) | −.123 (.101) | .984 (.582–1.665) | −.0545 (.915) | 1.031 (.652–1.628) | .130 (1.005) |
| Parent work reduction | .926 (.525–1.635) | −.0111 (.0420) | 1.017 (.448–2.305) | .00245 (.0623) | .890 (.627–1.263) | −.397 (.618) | .923 (.663–1.287) | −.342 (.729) |
| Distance learning | 1.321 (.971–1.797) | .0403 (.0224) | 1.839∗ (1.097–3.082) | .0909 (.0363) | 1.062 (.882–1.279) | .205 (.322) | 1.337∗∗ (1.115–1.604) | 1.251∗∗ (.435) |
| Education technology | 1.084 (.812–1.445) | .0116 (.0213) | 1.048 (.700–1.568) | .00702 (.0306) | 1.000 (.851–1.175) | −.000592 (.282) | .957 (.815–1.124) | −.190 (.354) |
| Covid-19 diagnosis: self or other | 1.436 (.802–2.573) | .0524 (.0428) | 2.164 (.875–5.354) | .115 (.0683) | 1.032 (.728–1.465) | .109 (.611) | 1.076 (.793–1.462) | .317 (.671) |
| Covid-19 hospitalization: self or other | 1.181 (.401–3.476) | .0240 (.0796) | .699 (.144–3.390) | −.0533 (.121) | .858 (.515–1.429) | −.523 (.903) | .820 (.516–1.303) | −.852 (1.035) |
| Covid-19 stress: low | Reference | |||||||
| Covid-19 stress: moderate | 1.230 (.642–2.356) | .0300 (.0479) | 1.393 (.557–3.488) | .0495 (.0694) | .824 (.562–1.207) | −.663 (.675) | 1.163 (.819–1.651) | .649 (.783) |
| Covid-19 stress: high | 1.021 (.499–2.088) | .00297 (.0529) | .949 (.352–2.561) | −.00777 (.0755) | 1.262 (.800–1.991) | .795 (.822) | 1.018 (.634–1.633) | .0763 (1.039) |
| Social engagement | ||||||||
| Social isolation | .686 (.360–1.307) | −.0545 (.0476) | .831 (.321–2.151) | −.0276 (.0721) | 1.131 (.707–1.809) | .421 (.828) | 1.503 (.942–2.399) | 1.754 (1.060) |
| MSPSS-Friends | 1.559∗ (1.035–2.350) | .0643∗ (.0296) | 1.894∗ (1.043–3.439) | .0953∗ (.0440) | 1.514∗∗ (1.175–1.950) | 1.416∗∗ (.512) | 1.384∗ (1.076–1.781) | 1.399∗ (.583) |
| Social distancing: low | Reference | |||||||
| Social distancing: moderate | .492∗ (.258–.939) | −.103∗ (.0473) | .322∗ (.108–.966) | −.169∗ (.0838) | .723 (.477–1.095) | −1.108 (.757) | .879 (.607–1.273) | −.554 (.814) |
| Social distancing: high | .270∗∗∗ (.126–.578) | −.190∗∗∗ (.0527) | .0958∗∗∗ (.0312–.294) | −.350∗∗∗ (.0766) | .584∗ (.361–.945) | −1.838∗ (.896) | .585∗ (.375–.913) | −2.308∗ (1.010) |
| p-values from tests of joint significance of Covid-19 stressors/stress and social engagement variables | ||||||||
| Covid-19 stressors/stress | .171 | .208 | .437 | .185 | ||||
| Social engagement | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | .015 | ||||
| Among students with any W1 alcohol use | No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
| N | 437 | 226 | 439 | 238 | ||||
All models control for W1 alcohol use (any alcohol use for columns 1–2, days of alcohol use columns 5–8), demographic characteristics (age, race, gender, first-generation college student status, sexual/gender minority identity, and free/reduced price lunch eligibility), W1 employment, W1 social variables (social isolation, MSPSS-Friends subscore), the week in which the student responded to W2, the period in which the student responded to W1 (October/November 2019 or January/February 2020), missing indicators (for demographic characteristics, Covid-19 stressors/stress, and W1 and W2 social variables), and a constant. Sample sizes under 439 (Model 1) or 238 (Model 2) are due to loss of observations perfectly predicted by our model.
CI = confidence interval; MSPSS = Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support; SE = standard errors; W1 = Wave I; W2 = Wave II.
∗∗∗p < .001.
∗∗p < .01.
∗p < .05.