Table 3.

Standardized direct and indirect effects for JD-R process in online mathematics.

	Online learning self-efficacy	End of year test achievement
	β	β
JD-R factors
Online learning barriers (job demands)	−0.062*	−0.012
Online learning support (job resources)	0.562***	−0.072
Home/parent help (job resources)	0.022	−0.103***
Adaptability (personal resources)	0.202***	0.079*
Adaptability × Barriers (buffering)	−0.008	−0.001
Online learning self-efficacy	–	0.118*
Background attributes
Age	−0.101	−0.011
Gender (M/FM)	0.011	0.011
Parent education	0.053	0.079***
Non-English speaking background	0.018	0.063**
Math self-efficacy	0.117**	0.095**
Prior achievement	0.039	0.463***
Indirect effects
Online learning barriers → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		−0.007
Online learning support → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		0.066*
Home/parent support → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		0.003
Adaptability → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		0.024*
Adaptability × Barriers → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		−0.001
Total effects
Online learning barriers → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		−0.020
Online learning support → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		−0.006
Home/parent support → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		−0.100***
Adaptability → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		0.103***
Adaptability × Barriers → Online learning self-efficacy → End of year test achievement		−0.002

All JD-R factors are in relation to mathematics.

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01, and

^***p < 0.001.