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. 2021 Aug 17;12:702482. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.702482

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Copyright © 2021 Wu, Xian, Hong, Liu, Xiao and Li

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram of Mendelian randomization (MR) study design. (A) The causal estimation of Graves’ disease (GD) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (B) The causal estimation of RA on GD. i) The genetic variants selected as instrumental variables (IVs) should be strongly associated with the risk factor of interest. ii) The genetic variants used as IVs should not be associated with any confounders. iii) The IVs should affect the risk of the outcome merely through the risk factor, not via any alternative pathways. CR, causal relationship.