Skip to main content
. 2021 Aug 17;12:702472. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.702472

TABLE 1.

Natural compounds targeting viral proteins: 3CLpro (I), PLpro (II), RdRp (III), NTPase/helicase (IV), S protein (V), and N protein (VI).

No Viral strain Compound IC50/EC50 Target References
1 SARS-CoV Isatis tinctoria L. root extract 53.80 μg/ml 3CLpro Lin et al. (2005)
2 SARS-CoV Indigo 300.00 μM 3CLpro Lin et al. (2005)
3 SARS-CoV Sinigrin 121.00 μM 3CLpro Lin et al. (2005)
4 SARS-CoV Aloe emodin 132.00 μM 3CLpro Lin et al. (2005)
5 SARS-CoV Hesperetin 60.00 μM 3CLpro Lin et al. (2005)
6 SARS-CoV Quercetin-3-β-galactoside 42.79 μM 3CLpro Chen et al. (2006)
7 SARS-CoV 18-Hydroxyferruginol 45.80 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
8 SARS-CoV Honokiol 39.10 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
9 SARS-CoV Ferruginol 92.70 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
10 SARS-CoV 18-Oxoferruginol 70.50 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
11 SARS-CoV O-acetyl-18-hydroxyferruginol 78.60 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
12 SARS-CoV Methyl dehydroabietate 46.70 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
13 SARS-CoV Isopimaric acid 28.90 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
14 SARS-CoV Kayadiol 75.20 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
15 SARS-CoV Abietic acid 58.00 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
16 SARS-CoV Amentoflavone 8.30 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
17 SARS-CoV Bilobetin 72.30 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
18 SARS-CoV Ginkgetin 32.00 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
19 SARS-CoV Sciadopitysin 38.40 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
20 SARS-CoV Apigenin 280.80 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
21 SARS-CoV Luteolin 20.20 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
22 SARS-CoV Quercetin 23.80 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010a)
22 SARS-CoV Quercetin 73.00 μM 3CLpro Nguyen et al. (2012)
23 SARS-CoV Epigallocatechin gallate 73.00 μM 3CLpro Nguyen et al. (2012)
24 SARS-CoV Gallocatechin gallate 47.00 μM 3CLpro Nguyen et al. (2012)
25 SARS-CoV Tannic acid 3.00 μM 3CLpro Chen et al. (2005)
26 SARS-CoV 3-Isotheaflavin-3-gallate (TF2B) 7.00 μM 3CLpro Chen et al. (2005)
27 SARS-CoV Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3) 9.50 μM 3CLpro Chen et al. (2005)
28 SARS-CoV Betulinic acid 10.00 μM 3CLpro Wen et al. (2007)
29 SARS-CoV Savinin 25.00 μM 3CLpro Wen et al. (2007)
30 SARS-CoV Curcumin 40.00 μM 3CLpro Wen et al. (2007)
30 SARS-CoV Curcumin 23.50 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010b)
31 SARS-CoV Celastrol 10.30 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010b)
32 SARS-CoV Pristimererin 5.50 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010b)
33 SARS-CoV Tingenone 9.90 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010b)
34 SARS-CoV Iguesterin 2.60 μM 3CLpro Ryu et al. (2010b)
35 SARS-CoV Rheum palmatum L. extract (RH121) 13.76 μg/ml 3CLpro Luo et al. (2009)
36 SARS-CoV Herbacetin 33.17 μM 3CLpro Jo et al. (2020)
37 SARS-CoV Rhoifolin 27.45 μM 3CLpro Jo et al. (2020)
38 SARS-CoV Pectolinarin 37.78 μM 3CLpro Jo et al. (2020)
36 MERS-CoV Herbacetin 40.59 μM 3CLpro Jo et al. (2019)
39 MERS-CoV Isobavachalcone 35.85 μM 3CLpro Jo et al. (2019)
40 MERS-CoV Quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside 37.03 μM 3CLpro Jo et al. (2019)
41 MERS-CoV Helichrysetin 67.04 μM 3CLpro Jo et al. (2019)
22 SARS-CoV-2 Quercetin Ki = 7.00 μM 3CLpro Abian et al. (2020)
42 SARS-CoV-2 Baicalin 6.41 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
43 SARS-CoV-2 Baicalein 0.94 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
44 SARS-CoV-2 Chlorogenic acid 39.48 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
45 SARS-CoV-2 Scutellarein 3.02 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
46 SARS-CoV-2 Forsythoside A 3.18 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
47 SARS-CoV-2 Forsythoside B 2.88 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
48 SARS-CoV-2 Forsythoside E 6.88 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
49 SARS-CoV-2 Forsythoside H 10.17 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
50 SARS-CoV-2 Forsythoside I 5.47 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
51 SARS-CoV-2 Isoforsythiaside 5.85 μM 3CLpro Su et al. (2020)
25 SARS-CoV-2 Tannic acid 13.40 μM 3CLpro Wang et al. (2020)
25 SARS-CoV-2 Tannic acid 2.10 μM 3CLpro Coelho et al. (2020)
52 SARS-CoV-2 Hematoporphyrin 3.90 μM 3CLpro Coelho et al. (2020)
53 SARS-CoV-2 Andrographolide 15.05 μM 3CLpro Shi et al. (2020)
54 SARS-CoV-2 Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol 10.25 μM (antiviral activity) 3CLpro Raj et al. (2021)
55 SARS-CoV-2 Cannabidiol 7.91 μM (antiviral activity) 3CLpro Raj et al. (2021)
56 SARS-CoV-2 Kaempferol 34.46 μM (antiviral activity) 3CLpro Khan et al. (2021)
57 SARS-CoV Hirsutenone 36.20 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012b)
4.10 μM PLpro
58 SARS-CoV Hirsutanonol 105.60 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012b)
7.80 μM PLpro
59 SARS-CoV Oregonin 129.50 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012b)
20.10 μM PLpro
60 SARS-CoV Rubranol 144.60 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012b)
12.30 μM PLpro
61 SARS-CoV Rubranoside B 105.30 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012b)
8.00 μM PLpro
62 SARS-CoV Rubranoside A 102.10 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012b)
9.10 μM PLpro
30 SARS-CoV Curcumin 5.70 μM PLpro Park et al. (2012b)
63 SARS-CoV Tanshinone IIA 89.10 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012c)
1.60 μM PLpro
64 SARS-CoV Tanshinone IIB 24.80 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012c)
10.70 μM PLpro
65 SARS-CoV Methyl tanshinonate 21.10 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012c)
9.20 μM PLpro
66 SARS-CoV Cryptotanshinone 226.70 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012c)
0.80 μM PLpro
67 SARS-CoV Tanshinone I 38.70 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012c)
8.80 μM PLpro
68 SARS-CoV Dihydrotanshinone I 14.40 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012c)
4.90 μM PLpro
69 SARS-CoV Rosmariquinone 21.10 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2012c)
30.00 μM PLpro
70 SARS-CoV Isobavachalcone 39.40 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
13.00 μM PLpro
71 SARS-CoV 4-Hydroxyderricin 81.40 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
26.00 μM PLpro
72 SARS-CoV Xanthoangelol 38.40 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
11.70 μM PLpro
73 SARS-CoV Xanthoangelol F 34.10 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
5.60 μM PLpro
74 SARS-CoV Xanthoangelol D 26.60 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
19.30 μM PLpro
75 SARS-CoV Xanthoangelol E 11.40 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
1.20 μM PLpro
76 SARS-CoV Xanthoangelol B 22.20 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
11.70 μM PLpro
77 SARS-CoV Xanthoangelol G 129.80 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
46.40 μM PLpro
78 SARS-CoV Xanthokeistal A 44.10 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2016)
21.10 μM PLpro
79 SARS-CoV Broussochalcone B 57.80 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
11.60 μM PLpro
80 SARS-CoV Broussochalcone A 88.10 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
9.20 μM PLpro
81 SARS-CoV 4-Hydroxyisolonchocarpin 202.70 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
35.40 μM PLpro
82 SARS-CoV Papyriflavonol A 103.60 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
3.70 μM PLpro
83 SARS-CoV 3’-(3-Methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4,7-trihydroxyflavane 30.20 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
35.80 μM PLpro
84 SARS-CoV Kazinol A 84.80 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
66.20 μM PLpro
85 SARS-CoV Kazinol B 233.30 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
31.40 μM PLpro
86 SARS-CoV Broussoflavan A 92.40 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
30.40 μM PLpro
87 SARS-CoV Kazinol F 43.30 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
27.80 μM PLpro
88 SARS-CoV Kazinol J 64.20 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
15.20 μM PLpro
89 SARS-CoV Isoliquiritigenin 61.90 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
24.60 μM PLpro
56 SARS-CoV Kaempferol 116.30 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
16.30 μM PLpro
22 SARS-CoV Quercetin 52.70 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
8.60 μM PLpro
6 SARS-CoV Quercetin-3-β-galactoside 128.80 μM 3CLpro Park et al. (2017)
51.90 μM PLpro
90 SARS-CoV-2 Ginkgolic acid 1.79 μM 3CLpro Chen et al. (2021)
16.30 μM PLpro
91 SARS-CoV-2 Anacardic acid 2.07 μM 3CLpro Chen et al. (2021)
17.08 μM PLpro
92 SARS-CoV N-trans-caffeoyltyramine 44.40 μM PLpro Song et al. (2014)
93 SARS-CoV N-trans-coumaroyltyramine 38.80 μM PLpro Song et al. (2014)
94 SARS-CoV N-trans-feruloyltyramine 70.10 μM PLpro Song et al. (2014)
95 SARS-CoV Terrestriamide 21.50 μM PLpro Song et al. (2014)
96 SARS-CoV N-trans-feruloyloctopamine 26.60 μM PLpro Song et al. (2014)
97 SARS-CoV Terrestrimine 15.80 μM PLpro Song et al. (2014)
98 SARS-CoV Tomentin A 6.20 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
99 SARS-CoV Tomentin B 6.10 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
100 SARS-CoV Tomentin C 11.60 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
101 SARS-CoV Tomentin D 12.50 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
102 SARS-CoV Tomentin E 5.00 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
103 SARS-CoV 3′-O-methyldiplacol 9.50 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
104 SARS-CoV 4′-O-methyldiplacol 9.20 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
105 SARS-CoV 3′-O-methyldiplacone 13.20 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
106 SARS-CoV 4′-O-methyldiplacone 12.70 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
107 SARS-CoV Mimulone 14.40 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
108 SARS-CoV Diplacone 10.40 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
109 SARS-CoV 6-Geranyl-4′,5,7-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavanone 13.90 μM PLpro Cho et al. (2013)
110 SARS-CoV Bavachinin 38.40 μM PLpro Kim et al. (2014)
111 SARS-CoV Neobavaisoflavone 18.30 μM PLpro Kim et al. (2014)
112 SARS-CoV Isobavachalcone 7.30 μM PLpro Kim et al. (2014)
113 SARS-CoV 4′-O-methylbavachalcone 10.10 μM PLpro Kim et al. (2014)
114 SARS-CoV Psoralidin 4.20 μM PLpro Kim et al. (2014)
115 SARS-CoV Corylifol A 32.20 μM PLpro Kim et al. (2014)
116 SARS-CoV Kwan du Bu Fei Dang exact 471.30 μg/ml RdRp Fung et al. (2011)
117 SARS-CoV Houttuynia cordata exact 251.10 μg/ml RdRp Fung et al. (2011)
118 SARS-CoV Ganoderma lucidum exact 41.90 μg/ml RdRp Fung et al. (2011)
119 SARS-CoV Coriolus versicolor exact 108.40 μg/ml RdRp Fung et al. (2011)
120 SARS-CoV Sinomenium acutum exact 198.60 μg/ml RdRp Fung et al. (2011)
22 SARS-CoV Quercetin 8.10 μM NTPase/helicase Lee et al. (2009b)
121 SARS-CoV Myricetin 2.71 μM NTPase/helicase Yu et al. (2012)
122 SARS-CoV Scutellarein 0.86 μM NTPase/helicase Yu et al. (2012)
123 SARS-CoV Tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (TGG) 4.50 μM (antiviral activity) S protein Yi et al. (2004)
21 SARS-CoV Luteolin 10.60 μM (antiviral activity) S protein Yi et al. (2004)
124 SARS-CoV Emodin 200.00 μM S protein Ho et al. (2007)
125 SARS-CoV Griffithsin 48–94 nM (antiviral activity) S protein O'Keefe et al. (2010)
126 SARS-CoV Urtica dioica L. agglutinin (UDA) 0.60–2.60 μg/ml (antiviral activity) S protein Kumaki et al. (2011)
127 SARS-CoV-2 Kobophenol A 1.81 μM S protein Gangadevi et al. (2021)
128 SARS-CoV (-)-Catechin gallate 0.05 μg/ml N protein Roh (2012)
24 SARS-CoV (-)-Gallocatechin gallate 0.05 μg/ml N protein Roh (2012)