Table 3.
Two-level mixed model estimates for outcome measures.
| Fixed effects | Random effects | ICC | Effect size (d) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average baseline level (γ00) | Average growth effect (γ10) | Between person variance in baseline level (τ00) | Within individual variance (σ2) | |||
| Estimate (SE), [CI] | Estimate (SE), [CI] | Estimate (SE), [CI] | Estimate (SE), [CI] | |||
| PTSD (PCL-5) | 23.64 (1.63)***, [20.41, 26.86] |
−1.84 (0.81)*, [−3.46, −0.21] |
201.88 (36.12)***, [−0.63, 0.02] |
88.17 (14.73)***, [63.56, 122.29] |
0.696 | 0.11 |
| Depression (DASS-21 Dep) | 9.09 (0.81)***, [7.49, 10.69] |
−0.73 (0.38), [−1.49, 0.04] |
48.28 (8.78)***, [33.81, 68.95] |
16.64 (3.44)***, [11.10,24.94] |
0.743 | 0.09 |
| Anxiety (DASS-21 Anx) | 6.51 (0.69)***, [5.15, 7.88] |
−0.19 (0.35), [−0.90, 0.52] |
31.67 (6.28)***, [21.47, 46.70] |
15.02 (3.04)***, [10.11, 22.33] |
0.678 | 0.03 |
| Stress (DASS-21 Str) | 13.95 (0.90)***, [12.18, 15.72] |
−0.59 (0.48), [−1.55, 0.38] |
47.86 (11.14)***, [30.33, 75.54] |
28.12 (6.76)***, [17.56, 45.05] |
0.630 | 0.07 |
| Alcohol Use Disorder (AUDIT) | 7.50 (0.61)***, [6.30, 8.70] |
−0.38 (0.20), [−0.80, 0.03] |
30.77 (4.88)***, [22.55, 41.99] |
3.13 (0.94)***, [1.74, 5.65] |
0.908 | 0.07 |
| Emotion Regulation (DERS) | 83.28 (2.26)***, [78.81, 87.74] |
−1.53 (1.02), [−3.58, 0.52] |
373.21 (75.50)***, [251.05, 554.82] |
121.72 (40.91)***, [62.99, 235.22] |
0.754 | 0.07 |
| Quality of Life (WHOQOL) | 88.49 (1.27)***, [85.98, 91.01] |
1.11 (0.53)*, [0.04, 2.18] |
128.84 (21.64)***, [92.71, 179.05] |
29.78 (6.91)***, [18.90, 46.94] |
0.812 | 0.09 |
| Social Support (SPS-10) | 31.98 (0.55)***, [30.91, 33.06] |
0.78 (0.33)*, [0.13, 1.43] |
- | 22.34 (3.25)***, [16.81, 29.70] |
- | 0.17 |
| Stigma (OMSWA) | 19.79 (0.61)***, [18.58, 21.00] |
−1.01 (0.31)**, [−1.64, −0.38] |
25.35 (4.72)***, [17.61, 36.51] |
6.77 (1.87)***, [3.94, 11.64] |
0.789 | 0.18 |
| Guilt-Negative Behavior Evaluation (GASP) | 23.49 (0.44)***, [22.69, 24.38] |
0.05 (0.21), [−0.40, 0.49] |
12.43 (2.38)***, [−0.97, −0.73] |
6.20 (1.43)***, [3.94, 9.75] |
0.667 | 0.01 |
| Guilt-Repair (GASP) | 22.79 (0.38)***, [22.02, 23.55] |
0.15 (0.30), [−0.46, 0.76] |
7.94 (1.81)***, [5.09, 12.40] |
4.27 (0.95)***, [2.76, 6.61] |
0.651 | 0.04 |
| Shame-Negative Self-Evaluation (GASP) | 23.28 (0.48)***, [22.34, 24.23] |
0.07 (0.32), [−0.58, 0.71] |
- | 14.18 (2.16)***, [10.51, 19.13] |
- | 0.02 |
| Shame-Withdraw (GASP) | 11.08 (0.42)***, [10.24, 11.92] |
−0.07 (0.17), [−0.42, 0.28] |
12.41 (2.21)***, [8.75, 17.60] |
3.71 (0.78)***, [2.46, 5.59] |
0.770 | 0.02 |
| Resilience (BRS) | 3.48 (0.08)***, [3.33, 3.63] |
0.01 (0.04), [−0.06, 0.08] |
0.42 (0.07)***, [0.29, 0.59] |
0.15 (0.03)***, [0.11, 0.21] |
0.736 | 0.01 |
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.
SE, Standard error; CI, 95% Confidence interval; ICC, intraclass correlation; PTSD, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; PCL-5, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5; DASS, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; WHOQOL, World Health Organization Quality of Life; SPS-10, Social Provisions Scale; OMSWA, Opening Minds Survey for Workplace Attitudes; GASP, Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale; BRS, Brief Resilience Scale.
a
This covariance parameter is redundant. The test statistic and confidence interval cannot be computed.