Table 3.
Human genes mediating immune response and their polymorphisms associated with risk of gastric diseases.
| Genes | Function | Polymorphisms associated with gastric diseases | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| TLR1 | Induce cytokine secretion | CC and TT genotype of TLR1 rs4833095 | Simawaranon et al., 2017 |
| TLR2 | Recognizes acylated bacterial lipoproteins and signals | -196 to −174 del | de Oliveira and Silva, 2012 |
| TLR4 | Acting as a receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS),elicits immune response | Asp299Gly (rs4986790), Thr399Ile (rs4986791) | Tahara et al., 2007a |
| TLR5 | Recognize bacterial flagellin. | rs5744174C carriers (TC+CC) | Zeng et al., 2011 |
| TLR10 | Suppress inflammatory signaling on primary human cells | AA genotype of TLR10 rs10004195 | Simawaranon et al., 2017 |
| NOD-1 | Intracellular recognition molecules for pathogen-associated molecules | rs7789045 TT and rs2709800 TT genotypes | Wang et al., 2012 |
| NOD-2 | Intracellular recognition molecules for pathogen-associated molecules | R702W (SNP8) | Rosenstiel et al., 2006 |
| IL-1β | Key proinflammatory cytokine in gastric mucosa | -511C/T | Li et al., 2007a |
| IL-1RN | Inhibits the activity of IL-1 | IL-1RN2/2 | El-Omar et al., 2000 |
| IL-2 | Promotes differentiation of T cells | −330T>G (rs2069762), +114TT | Melchiades et al., 2017 |
| IL-4 | Induces differentiation of naive helper T cells to Th2 cells. | −590T, −33TT | Sampaio et al., 2015 |
| IL-6 | Regulates the immune system. | −174C>G | Sampaio et al., 2015 |
| IL-8 | Promoter of angiogenesis, act as a chemoattractant | −251T>A | Wang et al., 2018 |
| IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory cytokine. | GCC haplotype | Wu et al., 2003 |
| IL-18 | Inflammatory cytokine facilitates type 1 immunity | rs187238 (−137G>C), rs360718 (113T>G), rs360717 (127C>T) | Myung et al., 2015 |
| TNF-α | Key immune mediator against Gram negative bacteria | GA, AA and GA+AA genotypes of TNF-α-308 | Xu et al., 2017 |