Table 2. Characteristics of individual studies included in this scoping review.

Author	Country	Types health informatics	Methods of application/approach	Aim/purpose	Main findings	Barriers
Ye Q	China	mobile internet big data cloud computing 5G+ telemedicine clinical information system	Provide a variety of web-based services for the public during the outbreak, including screening and consultation services. Release official statistics about the COVID-19. Apply predictive modeling and turning point projection, monitor crowd activity. Assist the development of epidemic prevention and control strategies. Intelligently manage information Facilitate clinical management related to COVID-19	To understand the actions taken by the health informatics community in China during the COVID-19 outbreak and to develop a health information technology framework for epidemic response based on health information technology–related measures and methods	Health information technologies play a very important role in responding to the COVID-19 epidemic. Information technology was used at all stages of the epidemic, such as prediction of epidemic trends, tracking of close contacts, and remote diagnosis They recommend that Health informatics communities in all countries should react quickly and make full use of health information technology to respond to the epidemic.	Not mentioned in the study
Dean F	USA	electronic health record		To explore the need of national health information technology on prevention and control of COVID-19	Health information technology would involve a collection of interconnected health care nodes, with each node representing a health care organization using an electronic health record (HER) health information exchanges (HIEs) can facilitate the collection, exchange, and analysis of clinical and administrative data between health care organizations and clinicians	Not mentioned in the study
Reeves JJ	USA	electronic health record (Screening protocols, System Level EHR-Templates) COVID-19 Operational Dashboard Communication Channels Artificial Intelligence Patient Facing Technology	Telephone calls direct email, and EHR messaging, all before in person encounters. A protocolized triage system was developed and embedded into multiple EHR templates which could be rapidly updated as screening guidance evolved. In order to limit exposure and relieve the burden on physical healthcare locations, automated email notifications were sent to patients prior to their clinic appointments indicating that persons with fever and/or new cough should call the health system for proper triage before presenting to the healthcare facility.	Describing the implementation of technological support important for optimizing clinical management of the COVID-19 pandemic supporting the health systems efforts to prepare for the current pandemic the challenges associated with the risk	The electronic health record and associated technologies are vital and requisite tools in supporting outbreak management that should be leveraged to their full potential.	The need to frequently adjust build to meet rapidly evolving requirements communication, and adoption, and to coordinate the needs of multiple stakeholders
Lin C	Taiwan	Cloud-based health records	Integrate recent history of travel to China from the database of Customs and Immigration Submit claims to the single-payer platform within 24 hours.	Integrating recent history of travel to China from the database of Customs and Immigration to supplement the NHI's centralized cloud-based health records.	Medical providers would be aware of patients' travel history when they made an appointment or came in Information that let clinicians and Taiwan CDC track or trace back all doctor visits.	Not mentioned in the study
Gong M	China	Cloud-based hardware	Designed Honghu Hybrid System (HHS) for the collection, integration, standardization, and analysis of COVID-19-related data from multiple sources, which includes a case reporting system, diagnostic labs, electronic medical records, and social media on mobile devices.	To illustrate how new medical informatics technologies may enable effective control of the pandemic through the development and successful 72-hour deployment of the Honghu Hybrid System (HHS) for COVID-19 in the city of Honghu in Hubei, China.	The HHS has been observed to be effective and feasible for COVID-19 surveillance and control. It helped strengthen the checkpoints on the full chain of COVID-19 control, including “early test, early report, early isolation, and early treatment” during the outbreak	Not mentioned in the study
Ye J	USA	Artificial intelligence, Telemedicine or telehealth, Mobile health, Big data, 5G, and the Internet of Things	Forming a multisource platform that integrates data monitoring, exchange, convergence, and feedback mechanisms for the pandemics	Assessing the role of health technology and informatics in a global public health emergency: Practices and Implications From the COVID-19 Pandemic	Through combining health technology and health care systems, diagnosis efficiency and patients' medical experiences can be improved Remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information interaction can also be achieved The establishment of an integrated intelligent health care system for COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control will also provide a positive reference for the design and development of subsequent intelligent health care platforms for other public health crises The use of remote consultation reduces the occurrence of on-site diagnoses, which also saves PPE, and reduces the risk of infection spread caused by the transfer of diagnosed patients to the superior hospitals.	Not mentioned in the study
Katzow MW	USA	Telemedicine	Not clearly mentioned	To give health care service of the children at their home to strengthen stay home and keeping social distancing	The application of telemedicine was the one health technology that protects patients to come the hospital and decrease contact of clinicians with the patient. This reduced the psychological stress of the patients in the COVID -19 pandemics	Limited English proficiency Internet interruption Inaccessibility of smart phone Limited telemedicine service
Smith A	Australia	Telemedicine (telehealth)	Not described in the study	To illustrate the use of telehealth for caring, consulting and screening patients during COVID-19 where clinical service is not well organized	For this infectious pandemic telehealth provide rapidly deploy large numbers of providers Facilitate triage so that front-line providers are not overwhelmed with new presentations Supply clinical services when local clinics or hospitals are damaged or unable to meet demand Decrease the risk of communicable diseases which are transmitted by person-to-person contact. Telehealth also provide care for non-infected people during an infectious pandemic.	Clinician's unwillingness to adopt telehealth due to limited telehealth training in medical, nursing and allied health preregistration curricula
Hoffman	USA	Telehealth	Not described in the study	To describe the use of telehealth and identifying public policy barriers to the implementation of telehealth (reimbursement, privacy/cybersecurity, liability, licensure, technology access, and artificial intelligence (AI))	Telehealth encourage health researchers to use the increased data provided by telehealth services to train AI software that can further improve not only the telehealth services, research, but also increase other clinical care and healthcare operations access during COVID-19
Bryne MD	USA		Not described in the study	Describing the importance of telehealth to prevent and control the COVID-19 pandemic	Telehealth was a crucial tool during the early phases of the pandemic and allowed, in most cases, for the closing of some service delivery gaps and as a financial life boat for health care practices. For patients, particularly those at high risk because of chronic conditions, telehealth may have been their only means of follow-up and support.	Before the pandemic, the lack of a reimbursement incentive had limited interest in investing in telehealth applications or the training needed to use them
Moazzami	Iran	Telemedicine	Not described in the study	Enabling patients to connect with their healthcare provider at a distance using telemedicine to reduce health care provider burnout during COVID-19	The application of telemedicine by health care providers reduces the major causes of psychological distress among healthcare workers are including long work hours, sleep disturbances, debilitating fatigue, and the risk of getting infection and put their family at risk of a life-threatening condition at large during this COVID-19 Pandemic.	Not described in the study
Villegas	Spain	Telemedicine	A new teleconsultation protocol was implemented to tend the patients with respiratory difficulties and/or compatible with the disease provoked by COVID-19, at the hospital emergency service (HES)	To evaluate the effectiveness of a teleconsultation protocol with patients who had respiratory symptoms in the reduction of the consumption of personal protective equipment (PPE) in a hospital emergency service (HES) during the COVID-19 pandemic	The possibility of patient-doctor spread has been reduced The use of the PPEs has been optimized, and The making of decisions has been streamlined in the first stage of care of suspected COVID-19 patients.	Not described in the study
Esfehani RJ	Iran	Telemedicine (web-based software)	proposed web-based software that provides a virtual workspace for two kinds of users, including specialists	To highlight the importance of effective disease control and case tracing, to reducing the pressure on the medical staff and health care workers to improve their medical judgment and performance abilities, and educating the physicians who have not previously encountered COVID-19 cases and are not familiar with their clinical and radiological presentations	The application of web-based software reduces close contact of health care providers with the patient Minimize burnout of care providers Minimize mis diagnosis of COVID suspected cases By using such telemedicine platforms, the experience of the specialists will be provided for every suspicious patient in every unequipped center manifestation using telemedicine
Chavis A	USA			Prevention of exposure to COVID-19 in a medically complex patient with a mild presentation by applying telemedicine	A telehealth examination of a patient presenting with a less common and thus unexpected coronavirus disease-2019 symptom prevented the exposure of the healthcare team in an academic general paediatrics clinic	Not described in the study
Annis T	USA	Telehealth (mhealth)	A COVID-19–specific remote patient monitoring solution (GetWell Loop) was offered to patients with COVID-19 symptoms mHealth Fairview was integrated as academic healthcare system with 12 hospitals (2,071 beds), 56 primary care clinics, 100 specialties, and 34,000 employees located in the urban Twin Cities area	To evaluate early lessons from a remote patient monitoring engagement and education technology solution for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms.	Patients have been extremely grateful and positive about their experience using the tool and feel it has helped them stay safe at home. This demonstrates what can be accomplished through a shared imperative and effective partnerships between industry, and healthcare delivery	Not mentioned in the study
Russ SC	USA	Telehealth (TeleEM)	Using both synchronous video and telephonic tools for complex or critically ill patients. TeleEM physician via video to consult and give care the patients at their home	To outline current Mayo Clinic strategies harnessing telehealth solutions for COVID-19 emergency preparedness and acute emergency care. Minimize front-line provider exposure and conserve personal protective equipment	In the hands of all acute care providers for consultation, telehealth tools are helping to limit disease spread, reduce HCW exposure, and conserve valuable PPE at emergency department service	Not described in the study
Wosik J	USA	Telehealth (smart phone and tablets	e-consult, patient intiated messaging, telephon visit and vidio visit Home peripheral devices were used with certain patients to facilitate remote visits (blood pressure machines and cuffs)	Adopting of telehealth, or the entire spectrum of activities used to deliver care at a distance for the three phases (1) stay-at home outpatient care, (2) initial COVID-19 hospital surge, and (3) post-pandemic recovery	Virtual patient waiting rooms, privacy and security, and easy scheduling were important when evaluating a platform Reducing virus transmission, stretching human and technical resources, and protecting patients and healthcare workers in the inpatient care setting	Not described in the study
Lam P	Canada	Telemedicine Network virtual care platform and telephone for reminder	The COVID-19 Expansion to Outpatients (COVIDEO) program was developed at the health care Centre, Toronto, Ontario, to provide ongoing care for outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19.	To develop and test the feasibility of a virtual care program for self-isolating outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19	The use of virtual care in medicine has become an attractive strategy to minimize unnecessary patient travel to health care institutions for medical care and has a unique application in patients who require self-isolation In addition to the care provided to the patient, potential benefits of a virtual care program include the ability for health care providers to plan for a safe and controlled hospital transfer for those showing signs of clinical deterioration, and the ability to reduce further community spread by informing public health of any household contacts with symptoms.	Unable to comment on the long-term sustainability of such a program As the number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 continues to increase, the COVIDEO program will inevitably become more timeand labour intensive, patient and physician related factors (old people may not comfortable for technology…, the inability of family members or caregivers to assist owing to self-isolation requirements, increase number of patients over time
Joshi AU	USA	Telehealth	Telehealth care clinicians primarily trained in emergency medicine, internal medicine and family medicine followed a patient decision pathway to risk stratify patients into three groups: home quarantine no testing, home quarantine with outpatient COVID-19 testing and referral for in-person evaluation in the ED, for symptomatic and potentially unstable patients.	To design a time-sensitive, practical, effective and innovative scaleup of telehealth services as a response to the demand for COVID-19 evaluation and testing	There has been a decreased rate of referral to a higher level of care. due to :(1) an increased number of telehealth patient visits for stable and non-critical care, and (2) clinicians, while following a pathway, are motivated to keep stable patients socially distanced and quarantined at home	Not described in the study
Reiss AB	USA	Telehealth	The physical exam conducted virtually is patient/caregiver facilitated via video observation The patient or another member of household may take as many vital signs as possible, including temperature, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate.	To describe telemedicine approach for COVID-19 as practiced in the offices of physicians affiliated with a major urban medical center To assess live interactive telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide medical screening and assessment remotely	The telehealth platform allows for delivery of care while maintaining the physical distancing necessary to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infectious disease
Barney A	USA	Telemedicine (wearables smart phone accessories)		To describe the rapid implementation of telemedicine within an adolescent and young adult (AYA) medicine clinic in response to the COVID-19 pandemic	Providers noted that telemedicine seemed acceptable to Adolescent and young adult who generally had competence with electronic communications platforms and welcomed the convenience of meeting with providers remotely	Not described in the study
Song X	China	Telemedicine	At community: psychological consulting, on-line clinic consulting, updating information on COVID-19. At patient: screening latent severe patients, consulting. Medical staff: training, panel discussion, psychological consulting, quality improvement	To describe the role of telemedicine during the COVID-19 epidemic in China	Telemedicine activities avoid close contact and decrease the latent COVID-19 infection chance	Not described in the study