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. 2021 Aug 18;12:702092. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.702092

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Copyright © 2021 Yun, Kim, Myung, Yoon, Moon, Ryu and Yim.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A directed acyclic graph of changes in lifestyle, personal attitudes, perceived stress, anxiety, and depressive mood among Korean medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The following six most influential items are marked with red circles: (1) personal attitude, fear of infecting my colleagues (R23); (2) perceived stress, feeling nervous and stressed (R43); (3) perceived stress: feeling “being on top of things” (R48); (4) anxiety, trouble relaxing (R54); (5) depressive mood, feelings of failure or that I have let myself/family members down (R67); and (6) depressive mood, trouble concentrating on things such as reading the newspaper or watching television (R68). [Personal attitude for COVID-19 pandemic] 21R = fear of my getting COVID-19; 22R = fear of my transmitting COVID-19 to family; 23R = fear of my transmitting COVID-19 to colleague; 24R = my keeping social distance; 25R = my keeping personal hygiene; 26R = feeling proud for medical staff at frontline; 27R = my willing to future volunteer at frontline/3R = intension of school dropout within recent 3 months; grade = grade as medical student/[Perceived stress] 41R = upset; 42R = unable to control; 43R = nervous or stressed; 46R = cannot cope with many things have to be done; 49R = angered for things outside of one's control; 410R = felt difficulties piled up could not be overcome; 44R = confidence for personal problems; 45R = things going one's way; 47R = control irritation; 48R = on the top of things/[Anxiety] 51R = nervous or anxious; 52R = cannot stop control worrying; 53R = worrying too much for different things; 54R = trouble relaxing; 55R = restless; 56R = easily annoyed or irritable; 57R = afraid of awful things happen/ [Depressive mood] 61R = feeling down, depressed, or hopeless; 62R = little interest or pleasure in doing things; 63R = trouble falling asleep or staying too much sleep; 64R = poor appetite or overeating; 65R = psychomotor change; 66R = tired or little energy; 67R = feel bad about oneself; 68R = trouble concentrating; 69R = idea of suicide or harming oneself/[Spare time activities in COVID-19 pandemic] 91R = sleep; 92R = computer game; 93R = reading; 94R = study; 95R = exercise; 96R = spend time with family and friends; /[Difficulties of participating in online classes in COVID-19 pandemic] 101R = maintaining regular daily routine; 102R = insufficient interaction for understanding; 103R = restriction of on-site social activities.