Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics: sub-grouped for grade.
| Variable | Grade ( N = 454) | Stats | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st ( N = 123) | 2nd ( N = 110) | 3rd ( N = 121) | 4th ( N = 100) | χ2/F | df | P | Post hoc | |||||
| Demographic: sex, men/women | 80 | 43 | 70 | 40 | 75 | 46 | 64 | 36 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.969 | - |
| Use of personal time during COVID-19, YES/NO | ||||||||||||
| Sleep | 63 | 60 | 60 | 50 | 82 | 49 | 46 | 54 | 11.96 | 3 | 0.008 | 3rd > 4th |
| Computer game | 20 | 103 | 33 | 77 | 31 | 90 | 25 | 75 | 6.44 | 3 | 0.092 | - |
| Reading | 9 | 114 | 13 | 97 | 14 | 107 | 9 | 91 | 1.84 | 3 | 0.606 | - |
| Study | 81 | 42 | 46 | 64 | 58 | 63 | 34 | 66 | 25.23 | 3 | <0.001 | 1st > 2nd = 3rd = 4th |
| Exercise | 26 | 97 | 42 | 68 | 49 | 72 | 28 | 72 | 13.36 | 3 | 0.004 | 1st <2nd = 3rd |
| Spend time with family and friends | 40 | 83 | 38 | 72 | 53 | 68 | 35 | 65 | 3.90 | 3 | 0.273 | - |
| Difficulty of online class attendance during COVID-19, YES/NO | ||||||||||||
| Maintaining regular daily routine | 40 | 83 | 32 | 78 | 21 | 100 | 19 | 81 | 10.45 | 3 | 0.015 | 1st > 3rd |
| Insufficient interaction for understanding | 31 | 92 | 15 | 95 | 23 | 98 | 28 | 72 | 8.01 | 3 | 0.046 | NS |
| restriction of on-site social activities | 65 | 58 | 62 | 48 | 60 | 61 | 46 | 54 | 2.51 | 3 | 0.473 | - |
| Perceived threat of infection during COVID-19, Mean/SD, [−2 = strongly disagree; −1 = disagree; 0 = neither agree nor disagree; 1 = agree; | ||||||||||||
| 2 = strongly agree] | ||||||||||||
| Fear of my getting COVID-19 | –0.5 | 1.1 | –0.5 | 1.2 | –0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 19.22 | 3 | <0.001 | 1st <4th, 2nd <4th |
| Fear of transmitting COVID-19 to family | –0.2 | 1.3 | –0.2 | 1.2 | –0.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 20.89 | 3 | <0.001 | 1st <4th, 2nd <4th, 3rd <4th |
| Fear of transmitting COVID-19 to colleague | –0.2 | 1.2 | –0.2 | 1.2 | –0.1 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 28.52 | 3 | <0.001 | 1st <4th, 2nd <4th, 3rd <4th |
| Proactive coping for COVID-19, Mean/SD, [−2 = strongly disagree; −1 = disagree; 0 = neither agree nor disagree; 1 = agree; 2 = strongly agree] | ||||||||||||
| My keeping social distance | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 16.16 | 3 | 0.001 | 1st > 3rd |
| My keeping personal hygiene | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 5.96 | 3 | 0.113 | - |
| Feeling proud for medical staff at frontline | 1.7 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 21.69 | 3 | <0.001 | 1st > 3rd, 1st > 4th |
| My willing to future volunteer at frontline | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 11.91 | 3 | 0.008 | NS |
| Perceived stress: PSS total score, Mean/SD | 21.0 | 7.6 | 19.6 | 6.2 | 17.9 | 6.5 | 16.6 | 7.0 | 8.92 | 3 | <0.001 | 1st > 3rd, 1st > 4th, 2nd > 4th |
| Anxiety: GAD-7: total score, Mean/SD | 6.6 | 5.1 | 5.5 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 3.10 | 3 | 0.027 | 1st > 3rd |
| Depressive mood: PHQ-9: total score, Mean/SD | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 4.89 | 3 | 0.002 | 1st > 3rd, 1st > 4th |
| School dropout intention during COVID-19 | 65 | 58 | 51 | 59 | 33 | 88 | 14 | 86 | 45.34 | 3 | <0.001 | 1st = 2nd > 3rd = 4th |