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. 2021 Aug 18;9:661532. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.661532

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Copyright © 2021 Merimi, El-Majzoub, Lagneaux, Moussa Agha, Bouhtit, Meuleman, Fahmi, Lewalle, Fayyad-Kazan and Najar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Fundamental mechanisms of MSC-based therapy. These mechanisms differ in their repair activity, depending on various local microenvironments where MSCs can adjust their therapeutic effects accordingly. The systemic administration of MSCs can activate distal (endocrine) or local (paracrine) effects that include cell-mediated actions, which can take different forms, including (1) stimulation of angiogenesis, (2) stem cell growth and differentiation, (3) fibrosis inhibition, (4) apoptosis inhibition, (5) T- and B-cell suppression, (6) initiation of Treg differentiation, (7) NK cell inhibition, and (8) dendritic cell (DC) maturation inhibition.