Annex 1.

The table below shows the codes and themes derived from the question “Which challenges have you encountered in your research during the COVID-19 pandemic? How did being a parent relate to these challenges?”

Theme	Sub-theme	Mentions
Academic work and performance	Managing work time and family responsibilities	29
	Neglect/no time for research	23
	No quiet/reading and writing time	23
	Data collection	22
	Interruptions/distraction	15
	Parenting time consuming/exacerbates challenges	8
	Prioritize teaching/supervision	7
	Increase in workload	5
	Low productivity/progress	3
	Shift to online	3
	Noise	2
	Motivation	1
	Feeling organized	1
	Online supervisions	1
Total		143
Personal/parent well-being	Exhaustion/fatigue	5
	Stress	5
	Finances	5
	Depression/mental health	3
	Uncertainty re childcare	2
	Seeing students challenges as a parent	2
	Prioritize children	2
	Bullying by superior/supervisor	1
	Children around make situation less stressful	1
	Risk group	1
Total		27
Campus life and infrastructure	Access to infrastructure	5
	Access to colleagues/research team/networking	6
	Daily routine/structure	3
	Parent guilt	1
Total		15
Other	Challenge not related to parenting	5
	Nothing	2
	Child with behavioral/education issues	1
	No answer	1
Total		9