Table 2.

DPP4 inhibitors associated with vascular function and mechanisms in VSMCs aging.

Vascular aging	DPP4 inhibitors	Functions	Mechanisms	References
VSMCs proliferation and migration	anagliptin	downregulate the proliferation of VSMCs	restrain ERK phosphorylation	(21)
	linagliptin	weaken VSMCs proliferation	regulate caspase-3-mediated apoptosis of VSMCs	(22)
	gemigliptin	anti-proliferative roles in	activate NRF-2 signaling pathway and inhibit expression of MCP-1 and VCAM-1	(23)
	sitagliptin	ameliorate VSMCs	prevent Akt/MAPK signaling pathway via upregulating PTEN	(24)
	vildagliptin	suppress VSMCs proliferation	activate ER stress/NF-κB pathway	(2)
	linagliptin	moderate VSMCs proliferation	decrease VSMCs DNA synthesis	(25)

ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NRF-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; Akt, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB.