Table 2.
Characteristics of participants with chronic kidney disease participating in the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) observational cohort study (2012–2014).
| Characteristics | CKD diet score quintiles (score of) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (≤15) N = 826 | Q2 (16–17) N = 605 | Q3 (18–19) N = 657 | Q4 (20–21) N = 532 | Q5 (≥22) N = 573 | P value | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 62 ± 12.5 | 63.3 ± 11.3 | 63.9 ± 11.7 | 63.9 ± 11.3 | 65.2 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
| Women (%) | 26.5 | 41 | 45.2 | 43.3 | 56.9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 29.1 (7.5) | 28.1 (6.6) | 27.6 (6.4) | 27.8 (7.6) | 27.4 (7) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Smoker | 20.3 | 15.1 | 12.7 | 10.5 | 11.6 | |
| Former smoker | 44.4 | 39.9 | 41.9 | 42.9 | 41.6 | |
| Non-smoker | 35.2 | 45.0 | 45.4 | 46.5 | 46.8 | |
| Alcohol (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| ≥3×/week | 14.9 | 17.6 | 20.7 | 24.1 | 20.6 | |
| <1–2×/week | 85.1 | 82.4 | 79.3 | 75.9 | 79.4 | |
| German school education (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| ≤9th grade | 56.2 | 51.7 | 51.3 | 47.2 | 48.1 | |
| 10th grade | 28.1 | 31.0 | 30.1 | 32.2 | 29.3 | |
| ≥12th grade | 15.7 | 17.3 | 18.6 | 20.6 | 22.6 | |
| Physical activity for 30 min (%) | 0.001 | |||||
| <1×/week | 16.8 | 15.9 | 14.6 | 12.5 | 9.3 | |
| 1–2×/week | 26.1 | 25.7 | 25.2 | 26.0 | 27.3 | |
| 3–5×/week | 29.4 | 29.7 | 30.0 | 31.7 | 31.2 | |
| >5×/week | 27.7 | 28.7 | 30.2 | 29.8 | 32.1 | |
| SBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 140 ± 20.1 | 138.9 ± 19.3 | 138.6 ± 18.8 | 138.2 ± 19.4 | 139.1 ± 20 | 0.137 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 79.8 ± 11.8 | 79.6 ± 11.5 | 79.2 ± 10.5 | 79.6 ± 11.7 | 79.3 ± 11.5 | 0.494 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 34.5 | 30.7 | 31.7 | 30.8 | 26.9 | 0.006 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication (%) | 92.7 | 92.4 | 91.0 | 92.9 | 90.6 | 0.230 |
| Anti-diabetic medication (%) | 26.6 | 23.5 | 25.3 | 24.4 | 22.0 | 0.099 |
| Lipid-lowering medication (%) | 50.4 | 52.4 | 49.3 | 49.4 | 49.4 | 0.471 |
| Anti-gout medication (%) | 37 | 32.6 | 28.2 | 31.8 | 28.6 | 0.001 |
P values reflect significance of a linear trend across quintiles of CKD diet score, using one-way ANOVA, χ2, or Jonckheere–Terpstra tests, where appropriate.
Values are expressed as mean values ± standard deviation, medians (interquartile ranges (IRQ)) or numbers (percentages), as appropriate. Bold P values indicate statistical significance.
BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, Q quintile.