Table 3.
Associations between adherence to CKD-specific dietary recommendations and characteristics of participants of the German Chronic Kidney Disease (GCKD) observational cohort study 2012–2014 as obtained from multivariable ordinal regression.
| Effect | ORa (95 % CI) |
|---|---|
| Age (per 1-SD increase) | 0.78 (0.72, 0.85) |
| BMI (per 1-SD increase) | 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) |
| Gender (male vs. female) | 2.18 (1.86, 2.55) |
| Smoking (vs. non-smoker) | |
| Smoker | 1.42 (1.13, 1.77) |
| Former smoker | 0.95 (0.82, 1.12) |
| Alcohol (≥3×/week vs. <1–2×/week) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.79) |
| Physical activity for 30 min (vs. >5×/week) | |
| <1×/week | 1.48 (1.17, 1.87) |
| 1–2×/week | 1.05 (0.87, 1.27) |
| 3–5×/week | 1.11 (0.93, 1.33) |
| German school education (vs. ≥12th grade) | |
| ≤9th grade | 1.51 (1.24, 1.85) |
| 10th grade | 1.32 (1.07, 1.63) |
| Diabetes mellitus (yes vs. no) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) |
| eGFR (per 1-SD increase) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.0) |
| UACR (per 1-SD increase) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.1) |
| Intake of lipid-lowering medication | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) |
| Intake of anti-hypertensive medication | 0.93 (0.71, 1.22) |
| Intake of anti-gout medication | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) |
Dependent variable: CKD diet score quintile, descending order.
BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, SD standard deviation.
aMutually adjusted odds ratio using ordinal logistic regression.