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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin J Sport Med. 2021 Sep 1;31(5):e221–e228. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000943

Table 2:

Demographics of study samples and total sample

US Study 1
(n = 99)
US Study 2
(n = 73)
Canadian Study
(n = 278)
Total Sample
(n = 450)
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Age (y) 11.76 2.23 12.34 2.38 12.63 2.19 12.39 2.25
n % n % n % n %
Child’s sex Female 35 35.4 25 34.2 128 46.0 188 41.8
Male 64 64.6 48 65.8 150 54.0 262 58.2
Child’s race White 64 64.6 26 35.6 194 70.3 284 63.4
Black 32 32.3 31 42.5 7 2.5 70 15.8
Asian 0 0 0 0 22 8.0 22 4.9
Hispanic 0 0 4 5.5 12 4.3 16 3.6
Indigenous 0 0 0 0 3 1.1 3 0.7
Multiracial 3 3.0 12 16.4 38 13.8 53 11.8
Maternal education Less than high school 9 9.1 6 8.2 6 2.2 21 4.7
High school or equivalent 29 29.3 17 23.3 33 11.9 79 17.6
Partial college, or trade/college diploma 25 25.3 35 47.9 79 28.4 139 30.9
Bachelor’s degree 24 24.2 9 12.3 91 32.7 124 27.6
Graduate degree 10 10.1 6 8.2 52 18.7 68 15.1
Unknown 2 2.0 0 0 17 6.1 19 4.2

Note: US = United States