Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of the Sample, Caregiving and Non-Caregiving Grandparents Compared.
| All grandparents (n = 3668) |
Grandmothers (n = 2053) |
Grandfathers (n = 1615) |
Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition | ||||
| Total cognitive score (standardized) | 0.00 (1.00) | −0.05 (1.02) | 0.07 (0.97) | −2.66–2.94 |
| Grandchild caregiving | ||||
| Cares for grandchildren | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0–1 |
| Physical activity and social engagement | ||||
| Time spent sitting | 3.61 (1.87) | 3.52 (1.84) | 3.71 (1.90) | 0–7 |
| Time spent walking or cycling | 1.66 (1.23) | 1.57 (1.18) | 1.76 (1.28) | 0–4 |
| Frequency of social interaction | 2.20 (0.79) | 2.13 (0.81) | 2.29 (0.76) | 1–3 |
| Social support, number of sources | 3.28 (1.57) | 3.20 (1.54) | 3.37 (1.61) | 1–7 |
| Controls | ||||
| Health conditions | ||||
| Self-rated health | 1.88 (0.71) | 1.86 (0.71) | 1.90 (0.71) | 1–3 |
| Has at least one limitation in activities of daily living | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0–1 |
| Depressive symptoms | 1.45 (1.61) | 1.49 (1.69) | 1.40 (1.50) | 0–8 |
| Comorbidities | 1.00 (0.69) | 1.04 (0.68) | 0.94 (0.69) | 0–3 |
| Missing | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0–1 |
| Family characteristics | ||||
| Number of children | 4.90 (2.08) | 4.61 (2.01) | 5.27 (2.11) | 0–8 |
| Number of children born alive who later died | 0.99 (0.86) | 1.06 (0.86) | 0.91 (0.86) | 0–2 |
| Number of grandchildren under the age of 16 years | 3.60 (3.06) | 3.71 (3.09) | 3.47 (3.01) | 0–9 |
| Doesn’t know how many grandchildren under the age of 16 years | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0–1 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Female | 0.56 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0–1 |
| Age | 63.79 (11.88) | 62.73 (12.32) | 65.13 (11.16) | 40–90 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.76 | 0–1 |
| Never married | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0–1 |
| Separated or divorced | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0–1 |
| Widowed | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.13 | 0–1 |
| Socioeconomic indicators | ||||
| Education | ||||
| No formal | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0–1 |
| Primary | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.38 | 0–1 |
| Secondary | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0–1 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0–1 |
| Home manager | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0–1 |
| Retired | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.26 | 0–1 |
| Not working | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0–1 |
| Individual earnings and transfers | 1.76 (0.83) | 1.63 (0.77) | 1.92 (0.87) | 1–3 |
| Household and caregiving characteristics | ||||
| Household wealth index | 3.06 (1.43) | 3.03 (1.41) | 3.11 (1.44) | 1–5 |
| Provides care to adult in household | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0–1 |
| Number of people in household | 2.10 (0.87) | 2.14 (0.80) | 2.04 (0.95) | 0–3 |
| Interview month | 5.52 (3.05) | 5.37 (3.01) | 5.72 (3.09) | 1–12 |
Note. Standard deviation shown in parentheses for continuous variables.