Table 3.
Comparison between the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse effect level (LOAEL), over usual consumption (UC) ratios for dispensable amino acids in rats, mice (L-glutamate), and humans
| Dispensable amino acid | Rat study | Human study | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UC | Sex | NOAEL | LOAEL | NOAEL/UC | LOAEL/UC | UC | Sex | NOAEL | LOAEL | NOAEL/UC | LOAEL/UC | |
| mg/kg BW/day | mg/kg BW/day | |||||||||||
| L-Alanine | 290.4 | M | 2000 | ND | 6.9 | ND | 52.00 | NI | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| F | 2000 | ND | 6.9 | ND | ||||||||
| L-Arginine | 396.0 | M | 3318 | ND | 8.4 | ND | 59.71 | M | 277.5 | ND | 4.6 | ND |
| F | 3879 | ND | 9.8 | ND | F | 304.0 | ND | 5.1 | ND | |||
| L-Asparagine | ND | M | 1537 | 3242 | ND | ND | 89.86 | NI | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| F | 1708 | 3466 | ND | ND | ||||||||
| L-Aspartic acid | 704.0 | M | 697 | 1417 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 93.43 | NI | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| F | 715 | 1470 | 1.0 | 2.1 | ||||||||
| L-Cysteine | 211.2 | M | ND | 500 | ND | 2.4 | 14.43 | NI | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| F | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||
| L-Glutamate | ND | M | 6000 | ND | ND | ND | ND | NI | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| F | 7200 | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||
| L-Glutamine | ND | M | 833 | 1654 | ND | ND | ND | M | 175.0 | ND | ND | ND |
| F | 964 | 1984 | ND | ND | ||||||||
| Glycine | 202.4 | M | 2000 | ND | 9.9 | ND | 45.86 | F | 129.0 | ND | 2.8 | ND |
| F | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||||||
| L-Proline | 1258.4 | M | 2773 | ND | 2.2 | ND | 74.43 | NI | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| F | 3009 | ND | 2.4 | ND | ||||||||
| L-Serine | 589.6 | M | 2765 | ND | 4.7 | ND | 50.29 | M | 169.3 | ND | 3.4 | ND |
| F | 2905 | ND | 4.9 | ND | ||||||||
| L-Tyrosine | 580.8 | M | 600 | 2000 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 39.86 | NI | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| F | 200 | 600 | 0.3 | 1.0 | ||||||||
UC is the Usual Consumption. In rats, UC is calculated, as explained in the text, according to the amount of each amino acid in standard diet designed to correspond to the requirement for rats (Reeves et al. 1993). NOAEL is the No Observed Adverse Effect Level. LOAEL is the Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level. F and M indicate experiments performed with female and male rats, and women and men, respectively. ND means not determined. NI means not indicated. In humans, the values for UC originate from FNB/IOM (2005). The data indicated in bold allow rapid comparison of the ratio calculated in rats and humans when available