Table 1.

Studies showing evidence for either spinal adjustments or spinal manipulation altering neuromuscular function [The studies have been categorised (column 4) as delivering spinal adjustments (A) or spinal manipulation (B) based on the reason authors give for thrusting on the spine, with their exact wording presented in column 3]

Studies that found no change in outcome measures have been highlighted in grey. EMG electromyography, HVLA high-velocity low-amplitude thrust, CSMC problems central segmental motor control problems