Table 4.

Autoantibodies are present in patients with non-rheumatic diseases infected with COVID-19.

Author	Country	N	Study	Cutoff date	Female (%)	Age (mean ± SD)/median (range)	Autoantibody	% of patients
Reyes Gil et al.	USA	68	Retrospective cohort study	March 1, 2020-April 30, 2020	49.65	57.61 ±17.02	Lupus anticoagulant	44
Gatto et al.	Italy	122	Retrospective cohort study	January 15, 2020-April 30, 2020	50.8	54.3 ± 19.3	Anti cardiolipin (a-CL) IgG/IgM	13.4/2.7
							Anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) IgG/IgM	6.3/7.1
Pascolini et al.	Italy	33	Prospectively cohort study	March 30, 2020-May 10, 2020	48.4	70 (22–90)	Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)	33
							a-CL IgG and/or IgM	24
							Anti-β2-glycoprotein antibodies IgG and/or IgM	9
Zhang et al.	China	19	Retrospective cohort study	February 23, 2020-March 31, 2020	47.4	65 (60–70)	Anti-phospholipid antibodies	52.6
Bowles et al.	UK	35	Case series	Before May, 2020	31	56.6 (18.6-83.4)	Lupus anticoagulant	91
Amezcua-Guerra et al.	Mexico	21	Case series	April 12, 2020-April 19, 2020	57	62 (54–67)	Antiphospholipid antibodies	57.14
Bertin et al.	France	56	Retrospective cohort study	NA	50	66.6 (17.8)	a-CL IgG/IgM	100
Zhou et al.	China	21	Retrospective cohort study	January 28, 2020-March 2, 2020	38	66.10 ± 13.94	Anti-SSA/Ro antibodies	20
							Anti-60 kDa SSA/Ro antibodies	25
							ANAs	50
Vlachoyiannopoulos et al.	Greece	29	Case series	Before May	27.6	64.2 (43–85)	ANAs	34.5
							p-ANCA	6.9
							c-ANCA	6.9
							a-CL	24.1
							Anti-β2GPI antibodies	34.5
							Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies	3.5
Fujii et al.	Japan	2	Case series	Before August			Anti-SSA/Ro antibodies	2

N, numbers of COVID-19 patient; SD, standard deviations.