Table 1.

Summary of the type of trained immunity induced by different stimuli, their proposed effect on the T cell response and clinical associations.

Ligand	Training Type	Cytokines	Proposed effect on T Cell Response	Effect of T Cell on the Induction of Trained Immunity	Clinical Associations	Ref
BCG	Pro-inflammatory	↑IL-1β	↑Th1	T cells downregulate trained immunity	Protection against infection	(5)
		↑TNF	↑Th17			(8)
		↑IL-6	↓Tregs			(9)
		↑IL-8
		↓IL-10
β-glucan	Pro-inflammatory	↑IL-1β	↑Th1	Unknown	Protection against infection	(6)
		↑TNF	↑Th17			(10)
		↑IL-6	↓Tregs
		↓IL-10
FHTE	Anti-inflammatory	↑IL-10	↑Tregs	Unknown	Protection against EAE	(11)
		↑IL-1RA	↓Th1			(12)
		↓TNF	↓Th17
		↓IL-12p40
Adenovirus	Pro-inflammatory	↑MIP-2	↑Th17	CD8 T cell IFN-γ required to induce trained immunity	Protection against infection (via enhanced neutrophilia)	(13)
		↑KC
		↑IL-1β
LPS	Tolerance	↑IL-10	↑Tregs	Unknown	Sepsis Immunoparalysis	(14)
		↓TNF	↓Th1			(15)
		↓IL-6	↓Th17			(16)
oxLDL	Pro-Inflammatory	↑TNF	↑Th-1	Unknown	Athersclerosis	(17)
		↑IL-6	↑Th-17
		↑IL-8
MuHV-4	Anti-inflammatory	↓IL-5
		↓IL-13	↓Th2	Unknown	Reduced allergic reaction to HDMs	(18)
		↓IL-4	↑Th1
		↓IL-6
		↓IL-10