Table 2.
Listeria monocytogenes stress-response and virulence genes and proteins.
| Stress | System | Gene | Protein |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acid | Glutamate decarboxylase system (GAD) | gadA (formerly gadB, gadD, gadD3, or lmo2434) | Glutamate decarboxylase |
| gadCB (formerly gadD2T2 or lmo2363–lmo2362) | Glutamate decarboxylase and a glutamate-γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antiporter | ||
| Osmotic | Glycine betaine transport system | betL | Glycine betaine transporter (BetL) |
| Glycine betaine ABC transport system | three-gene operon (gbuABC) |
Gbu | |
| Carnitine ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system | Four-gene operon (opuCABCD) | OpuC | |
| Cold | – | cspD | Cold-shock protein D |
| ltrC | Low-temperature requirement C protein | ||
| Heat | – | grpE | Heat-shock protein GrpE |
| Oxidative | – | lmo0669 | Oxidoreductase |
| lmo1433 | Glutathione reductase | ||
| Other genes involved in the stress response | – | clpB | ClpB, similar to endopeptidase Clp ATP-binding chain B; transcribed in an operon with lmo2205 |
| – | clpP | ClpP, an ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit |
|
| – | clpX | ClpX, an ATP-dependent Clp protease ATP-binding subunit |
|
| – | lmo1138 | Similar to ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic component | |
| – | lmo1601 | General-stress protein; transcribed in an operon with lmo1602, which encodes an unknown protein |
|
| – | lstR | Lineage-specific thermal regulator; transcribed in an operon with sigC | |
| – | rsbVWX | Regulators of σB activity, RsbV, RsbW, and RsbX | |
| Bile-exclusion system | bilE (formerly lmo1421-lmo1422, or opuBAB) | Two-gene operon (bilEAB) encodes a bile-exclusion system; responsible for bile resistance | |
| Bile tolerance | bsh | Bile salt hydrolase | |
| clpC operon | comprises ctsR, mcsA, mcsB, and clpC, | CtsR, McsA, and McsB, which both regulate CtsR activity, and the ClpC endopeptidase and chaperone |