Table 2.
Multilevel path analysis.
| Dependent variable | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Challenge appraisal | Threat appraisal | Autonomous motivation | Controlled motivation | Amotivation | Performance | |||||||
| Variables | γ | S.E. | γ | S.E. | γ | S.E. | γ | S.E. | γ | S.E. | γ | S.E. |
| Within-person level | ||||||||||||
| Constant | 2.03** | 0.27 | 20.57** | 0.34 | −0.97* | 0.40 | 0.80* | 0.36 | 4.61** | 0.56 | 1.25* | 0.50 |
| Control variables | ||||||||||||
| Week | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Interaction with instructor | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.09** | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 | −0.12** | 0.04 | −0.02 | 0.03 |
| Satisfaction with instructor | 0.23** | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.13** | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | −0.10* | 0.05 | 0.23** | 0.06 |
| Prior Performance | −0.04 | 0.04 | ||||||||||
| Predictor variables | ||||||||||||
| Paradoxical Tensions | 0.10* | 0.04 | 0.19** | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.09* | 0.04 |
| Challenge Appraisal | 0.27** | 0.05 | 0.24** | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.06 | 0.16** | 0.05 | ||||
| Threat Appraisal | −0.01 | 0.04 | 0.13** | 0.03 | 0.30** | 0.06 | −0.07 | 0.04 | ||||
| Autonomous Motivation | 0.08 | 0.05 | ||||||||||
| Controlled Motivation | 0.11* | 0.05 | ||||||||||
| Amotivation | −0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
| Between-person Level | ||||||||||||
| Interaction with instructor | 0.13* | 0.05 | −0.26* | 0.12 | 0.21** | 0.07 | −0.09 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.06 |
| Satisfaction with instructor | 0.37** | 0.06 | −0.15* | 0.07 | 0.19** | 0.06 | 0.15* | 0.07 | −0.40** | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Paradoxical Tensions | 0.25** | 0.06 | 0.64** | 0.10 | 0.88** | 0.10 | 0.65** | 0.10 | −0.46** | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| Challenge Appraisal | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.15** | 0.05 | 0.64** | 0.08 | 0.71** | 0.15 | ||||
| Threat Appraisal | −0.33** | 0.07 | ||||||||||
| Autonomous Motivation | −0.13 | 0.11 | ||||||||||
| Controlled Motivation | 0.25* | 0.11 | ||||||||||
| Amotivation | −0.03 | 0.07 | ||||||||||
| Variance (within/between) | 0.26/0.33 | 0.43/0.64 | 0.30/0.68 | 0.27/0.39 | 0.62/1.11 | 0.37/0.49 | ||||||
| Residual Variance (within/between) | 0.24/0.17 | 0.42/0.45 | 0.27/0.22 | 0.23/0.20 | 0.57/0.53 | 0.32/0.14 | ||||||
| ΔR2 | 0.02/0.16 | 0.01/0.09 | 0.03/0.46 | 0.04/0.19 | 0.05/0.58 | 0.05/0.35 | ||||||
N = 178, number of observations = 1,355; sample size is smaller for lagged analyses; unstandardized regression coefficients are reported. Regression coefficients remain robust without including control variables.
*
p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01, Two-tailed test.
The effect of paradoxical tensions on weekly performance.