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. 2021 Aug 19;9:625877. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.625877

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Mei, Jiang, Jin, Xu, Li, Li, Meng, Zhu and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ti–M–H coating promotes angiogenesis in vitro. (A) Live/dead images of endothelial cells (ECs) cultured on the sample surface for 1, 3, and 5 days. (B) The secretion of VEGF by ECs. (C) Quantitative: the number of nodes, branches, and tube formation formed in capillary-like networks after ECs were incubated in sample extract for 7 h. (D) Images of capillary-like networks by ECs incubated in SCMO for 4, 8, 12, and 16 h. (E) Quantitative: the number of nodes, branches, and tube formation after incubation for 4, 8, 12, and 16 h. (F) VEGF secretion after the ECs were incubated in SCMO for 8 days. *P < 0.05 compared with Ti–M. #P < 0.05 compared with Ti–M–H1. ^&P < 0.05 compared with Ti–M–H4. **P < 0.01 compared with Ti–M. ^##P < 0.01 compared with Ti–M–H1. ^&&P < 0.01 compared with Ti–M–H4. The experiments were repeated three times.