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. 2021 Aug 19;11:634780. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.634780

Table 1.

Treatment of hyperlipidemia targeted at gut microbiota.

Therapeutic method Names Research subjects Changes in intestinal microflora, metabolites, or related factors Principal results
Increased abundance Decreased abundance
Prebiotics Inulin (Li et al., 2019) Mice with type-2 diabetes (T2DM) Cyanobacteria and Bacteroides Ruminiclostridium-6, Deferribacteres, and Tenericutes Reduced FBG, glycated hemoglobin, blood lipid, LPS, and IL-6
Chicorium intybus (Liu et al., 2017) Healthy adults Breath hydrogen and SCFAs Not listed Increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY concentrations and lowered hunger rates
Orange juice (Fidélix et al., 2020) Ten women Lactobacillus spp., Akkermansia spp., and Ruminococcus spp. Not listed Modulated intestinal microbiota and improved glycemia and lipid profiles
EGCG3″Me (Zhang et al., 2018) High-fat-diet (HFD) mice Bacteroidetes Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes EGCG3″Me shows a weight-reducing effect and ameliorates the HFD-induced gut dysbiosis
Green tea extract combined with isomalto-oligosaccharides (Singh et al., 2017) HFD mice Prevotella/Bacteroides Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes Prevented HFD-induced adiposity and lipid accumulation in liver and muscle, as well as normalized fasting blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, and leptin levels
Probiotics Fermented soy milk (Kim et al., 2014) HFD Rat Reduced SREBP-dependent cholesterol and TG synthesis in the liver and enhanced adiponectin signaling and PPARα-induced expression of genes involved in TG-rich lipoprotein clearance Lowered hepatic lipids and serum TG and FFAs and elevated HDL-C
Lactobacillus reuteri 263 (Huang et al., 2015) Hamster model of hyperlipidemia Not listed Not listed Increased HDL-C and decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio
Probiotic mix (Sharma et al., 2016) Hamster model of hyperlipidemia Reduced expression of intestinal NPC1L1 and MTTP Reduced TC, TG, and fatty acids
Lactobacillus fermentum 5898 (Yadav et al., 2019) Fed cholesterol-enriched diet rat Repressed oxidative stress created by excess cholesterol by increasing the antioxidative enzyme activities and by decreasing lipid peroxidation Reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C, and raised HDL-C
Lactobacillus casei YBJ02 (Qian et al., 2019) HFD mice Bacteroides and Akkermansia Firmicutes Reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C, and raised HDL-C
Three Lactoplantibacillus plantarum strains (Guerrero-Bonmatty et al., 2021) LDL-C and other blood lipid parameters of hypercholesterolemic subjects Not listed Not listed Reduced TC and LDL-C
Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 (Park et al., 2020) Healthy adults R. Bromii, K. alysoides, B. intestinihominis, and F. plautii Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp., Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Proteus sp. Decreased LDL-C, TG, and apolipoprotein (Apo) B-100 levels and decreased areas under the curve of TG, ApoB-48, ApoB-100, total indole, and phenol levels
FMT Fecal bacteria from healthy mice (Sun et al., 2019) ob/ob mice Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium, and Butyrate Not listed Improved glucose and lipid metabolism and alleviated hepatic steatosis
Theabrownin FMT (Huang et al., 2019) HFD mice Bacteroidia Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, and Lactococcus Reduced weight gain and serum TC and TC
Resveratrol FMT (Lai et al., 2018) HFD mice Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, Parabacteroides, and Ruminiclostridium_9 Not listed Modulated lipid metabolism, stimulated development of beige adipocytes in WAT, reduced inflammation, and improved intestinal-barrier function
Autologous FMT (Rinott et al., 2021) Abdominally obese or dyslipidemic participants Akkermansia muciniphila Lactobacillus ruminis Compared with control-diet aFMT, significantly prevented weight regain and resulted in better glucose tolerance during an HFD-induced regain phase
Natural herbal medicines Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids (He et al., 2016) High-fat, high-cholesterol diet-fed mice Sporobacter termitidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Akkermansia muciniphila E. coli, Desulfovibrio C21_c20, and Parabacteroides distasonis Reduced weight gain and TC, TG, LDL-C, and TBA
Herbal formula (Tong et al., 2018) Patients with T2DM and hyperlipidemia Blautia Faecalibacterium spp. Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Bacteroides Improved HOMA-IR and plasma triglyceride levels,
Hirsutella sinensis (Wu et al., 2019) HFD mice Parabacteroides goldsteini Mucispirillum schaedleri, Shewanella, and algae Improved insulin resistance and lipid metabolism
Berberine (Sun et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017) ob/ob mice, WT and FXRint-/- mice Enterobacter and Escherichia−Shigella Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes Reduced weight gain and plasma and liver lipids. Improved insulin resistance
Pu-erh tea (Huang et al., 2019) HFD mice and patients with hyperlipidemia Bacteroidia Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Leuconostoc genera Reduced weight gain and serum TC and TC
Blueberry extract (Guo et al., 2019) C57BL/KsJ db/db mice and HFD mice Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium Desulfovibrio and Bilophia Promoted the activation of BAT and the browning of WAT and improved lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue