Prebiotics
|
Inulin (Li et al., 2019) |
Mice with type-2 diabetes (T2DM) |
Cyanobacteria and Bacteroides
|
Ruminiclostridium-6, Deferribacteres, and Tenericutes |
Reduced FBG, glycated hemoglobin, blood lipid, LPS, and IL-6 |
Chicorium intybus (Liu et al., 2017) |
Healthy adults |
Breath hydrogen and SCFAs |
Not listed |
Increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY concentrations and lowered hunger rates |
Orange juice (Fidélix et al., 2020) |
Ten women |
Lactobacillus spp., Akkermansia spp., and Ruminococcus spp. |
Not listed |
Modulated intestinal microbiota and improved glycemia and lipid profiles |
EGCG3″Me (Zhang et al., 2018) |
High-fat-diet (HFD) mice |
Bacteroidetes |
Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes |
EGCG3″Me shows a weight-reducing effect and ameliorates the HFD-induced gut dysbiosis |
Green tea extract combined with isomalto-oligosaccharides (Singh et al., 2017) |
HFD mice |
Prevotella/Bacteroides |
Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes |
Prevented HFD-induced adiposity and lipid accumulation in liver and muscle, as well as normalized fasting blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, and leptin levels |
Probiotics
|
Fermented soy milk (Kim et al., 2014) |
HFD Rat |
Reduced SREBP-dependent cholesterol and TG synthesis in the liver and enhanced adiponectin signaling and PPARα-induced expression of genes involved in TG-rich lipoprotein clearance |
Lowered hepatic lipids and serum TG and FFAs and elevated HDL-C |
|
Lactobacillus reuteri 263 (Huang et al., 2015) |
Hamster model of hyperlipidemia |
Not listed |
Not listed |
Increased HDL-C and decreased TC, TG, LDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio |
|
Probiotic mix (Sharma et al., 2016) |
Hamster model of hyperlipidemia |
Reduced expression of intestinal NPC1L1 and MTTP |
Reduced TC, TG, and fatty acids |
|
Lactobacillus fermentum 5898 (Yadav et al., 2019) |
Fed cholesterol-enriched diet rat |
Repressed oxidative stress created by excess cholesterol by increasing the antioxidative enzyme activities and by decreasing lipid peroxidation |
Reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C, and raised HDL-C |
|
Lactobacillus casei YBJ02 (Qian et al., 2019) |
HFD mice |
Bacteroides and Akkermansia
|
Firmicutes |
Reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C, and raised HDL-C |
|
Three Lactoplantibacillus plantarum strains (Guerrero-Bonmatty et al., 2021) |
LDL-C and other blood lipid parameters of hypercholesterolemic subjects |
Not listed |
Not listed |
Reduced TC and LDL-C |
|
Lactobacillus plantarum Q180 (Park et al., 2020) |
Healthy adults |
R. Bromii, K. alysoides, B. intestinihominis, and F. plautii
|
Escherichia coli, Clostridium sp., Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Proteus sp. |
Decreased LDL-C, TG, and apolipoprotein (Apo) B-100 levels and decreased areas under the curve of TG, ApoB-48, ApoB-100, total indole, and phenol levels |
FMT |
Fecal bacteria from healthy mice (Sun et al., 2019) |
ob/ob mice |
Lachnospiraceae, Clostridium, and Butyrate |
Not listed |
Improved glucose and lipid metabolism and alleviated hepatic steatosis |
|
Theabrownin FMT (Huang et al., 2019) |
HFD mice |
Bacteroidia |
Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus, and Lactococcus
|
Reduced weight gain and serum TC and TC |
|
Resveratrol FMT (Lai et al., 2018) |
HFD mice |
Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, Parabacteroides, and Ruminiclostridium_9 |
Not listed |
Modulated lipid metabolism, stimulated development of beige adipocytes in WAT, reduced inflammation, and improved intestinal-barrier function |
|
Autologous FMT (Rinott et al., 2021) |
Abdominally obese or dyslipidemic participants |
Akkermansia muciniphila
|
Lactobacillus ruminis
|
Compared with control-diet aFMT, significantly prevented weight regain and resulted in better glucose tolerance during an HFD-induced regain phase |
Natural herbal medicines |
Rhizoma Coptidis alkaloids (He et al., 2016) |
High-fat, high-cholesterol diet-fed mice |
Sporobacter termitidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Akkermansia muciniphila
|
E. coli, Desulfovibrio C21_c20, and Parabacteroides distasonis
|
Reduced weight gain and TC, TG, LDL-C, and TBA |
|
Herbal formula (Tong et al., 2018) |
Patients with T2DM and hyperlipidemia |
Blautia Faecalibacterium spp. |
Alistipes, Oscillibacter, and Bacteroides
|
Improved HOMA-IR and plasma triglyceride levels, |
|
Hirsutella sinensis (Wu et al., 2019) |
HFD mice |
Parabacteroides goldsteini
|
Mucispirillum schaedleri, Shewanella, and algae |
Improved insulin resistance and lipid metabolism |
|
Berberine (Sun et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017) |
ob/ob mice, WT and FXRint-/- mice |
Enterobacter and Escherichia−Shigella
|
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes |
Reduced weight gain and plasma and liver lipids. Improved insulin resistance |
|
Pu-erh tea (Huang et al., 2019) |
HFD mice and patients with hyperlipidemia |
Bacteroidia |
Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Leuconostoc genera |
Reduced weight gain and serum TC and TC |
|
Blueberry extract (Guo et al., 2019) |
C57BL/KsJ db/db mice and HFD mice |
Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium |
Desulfovibrio and Bilophia |
Promoted the activation of BAT and the browning of WAT and improved lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue |