. 2021 Aug 20;12:714918. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.714918

TABLE 1.

Morphological malformations in zebrafish embryos at 96 hpf.

Concentration (µg/ml)	Morphological abnormalities (%)
	Pericardial oedema	Yolk oedema	Spinal curvature
Negative Control	0	0	0
Solvent Control	0	0	0
Positive control	100 ± 0.00	100 ± 0.00	67.18 ± 20.59
Kratom decoction
31.25	0	0	0
62.5	0	0	0
125	0	0	0
250	0	0	0
500	^a	^a	^a
1000	^a	^a	^a
Mitragynine
3.125	0	0	0
6.25	0	0	0
12.5	0	0	0
25	0	0	3.92 ± 3.40
50	0	0	7.34 ± 2.80^**
100	^a	^a	^a
Speciociliatine
3.125	0	0	0
6.25	0	0	0
12.5	0	0	0
25	0	0	12.48 ± 2.88^***
50	0	0	25.05 ± 3.54^***
100	^a	^a	^a
Morphine
3.125	5.36 ± 0.17	1.75 ± 3.04	5.26 ± 5.26
6.25	7.02 ± 3.04^*	3.51 ± 3.04	5.46 ± 5.56
12.5	7.21 ± 3.38^*	3.61 ± 3.13	5.36 ± 0.17
25	7.42 ± 3.21^*	3.81 ± 3.31	7.42 ± 3.21
50	9.26 ± 3.21^**	5.56 ± 1.09	7.41 ± 3.21
100	9.06 ± 3.05^**	7.21 ± 2.87^*	9.16 ± 3.38^*

Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 significantly different from the negative control group.

indicate not determined.