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. 2021 Sep 4;10(3):261–278. doi: 10.1057/s41270-021-00134-7

Table 4.

Metric invariance estimates

Structural invariance description
High inertia Low inertia
(n = 82) (n = 146)
Relationship Coefficients t value Coefficients t value

Baseline model

(Un-constrained)

Nested model

(Constrained)

PA → Customer retention 0.549 4.524** 0.620 7.532** χ2 (235) = 481.412 χ2 (236) = 486.989a
NA → Customer retention 0.054 0.466 − 0.186 − 2.437* χ2 (235) = 481.412 χ2 (236) = 485.914b

Chi-square test results:

aχ2 [1] = 3.540; p > 0.05 (H7a–Not accepted)

bχ2 [1] = 4.457; p < 0.05 (H7b–Accepted)

Goodness-of-fit indices (baseline model)

χ2 = 481.412; df = 235; χ2/df = 2.048;

p < 0.001; CFI = 0.953; IFI = 0.954;

TLI = 0.948; RMSEA = 0.065

Annotations: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; PA Positive Affect, NA Negative Affect