Fig. 2.

The association between Covid-19 and development of heart failure (HF): in Covid-19 hypoxia and hemodynamic instability lead to hypotension, oxidative stress and high blood viscosity may cardiomyocyte injury through induction of coronary dysfunction. As well, SARS-CoV-2 may cause direct acute myocardial injury (ACI) and development of HF. In addition, hyperferritinemia and activation of NLRP3/NF-κB signaling pathway contribute into ACI through induction of cytokine storm. Besides, downregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 upregulates circulating AngII, which involved in cardiomyocyte injury and development of HF