. 2021 Sep 15;271:108263. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108263

Table 1.

Characterization of rice production inputs in irrigated lowland production systems and in irrigated versus rainfed lowland production systems in SSA countries.

	Overall		Irrigated
	Irrigated lowland	Rainfed lowland	Cote d’Ivoire (Gagnoa)	Ghana (Navrongo)	Madagascar (Ankazomiriotra)	Mali (Kouroumari)	Niger (Tillaberi)	Nigeria (Kano)	Senegal (Dagana)	Togo (Maritime)
Household rice area (ha)	1.24^a	2.25^b	0.63^ab	1.15^abc	0.27^a	3.90^e	1.59^bcd	3.00^de	1.24^b	2.21^cd
Household rice area (ha)	(3.21)	(3.65)	(0.31)	(0.93)	(0.88)	(2.64)	(5.02)	(2.40)	(1.88)	(2.43)
Labor (Labor day ha⁻¹)	90.06^a	89.24^a	118.76^d	81.97^bc	140.30^e	36.66^a	45.32^b	44.58^a	60.16^a	116.93^c
Labor (Labor day ha⁻¹)	(59.98)	(56.64)	(41.40)	(59.29)	(56.04)	(12.56)	(23.41)	(29.51)	(42.59)	(41.76)
Seeding rate (kg ha⁻¹)	83.80^a	71.47^b	92.21^b	139.09^c	76.26^a	71.30^a	64.25^d	53.08^e	134.27^c	83.39^b
Seeding rate (kg ha⁻¹)	(32.31)	(30.18)	(30.40)	(23.91)	(24.67)	(14.53)	(13.23)	(3.30)	(16.42)	(17.20)
Elemental N (kg ha⁻¹)	40.03^a	18.62^b	74.62^ef	15.30^abc	--	20.73^bc	84.52^f	2.79^ab	54.03^de	38.10^cd
Elemental N (kg ha⁻¹)	(68.87)	(59.67)	(141.55)	(65.80)	--	(27.11)	(86.85)	(2.68)	(55.32)	(38.53)
Elemental P (kg ha⁻¹)	4.73^a	2.32^b	8.57^d	2.27^abc	--	2.25^bc	11.98^e	0.05^ab	2.64^bc	4.19^c
Elemental P (kg ha⁻¹)	(8.64)	(7.89)	(15.48)	(7.15)	--	(2.92)	(10.77)	(0.23)	(5.61)	(4.87)
Elemental K (kg ha⁻¹)	8.98^a	4.31^b	16.19^d	4.12^abc	--	4.21^bc	22.77^e	0.26^ab	5.04^bc	7.81^c
Elemental K (kg ha⁻¹)	(16.49)	(13.61)	(29.83)	(13.66)	--	(5.47)	(20.56)	(0.45)	(10.77)	(9.32)
Certified seeds (%)	25.32^a	25.47^a	76.19^d	72.73^d	0.85^a	8.93^ab	52.41^e	26.32^bc	9.49^b	40.32^c
Rice transplanting (%)	90.50^a	85.75^b	85.71^abc	96.97^cd	100.00^d	92.86^bcd	86.82^b	73.68^a	76.58^a	91.94^bc
Mechanical Weeders (%)	48.47^a	26.10^b	9.52^ab	15.15^ab	100.00^c	82.14^d	14.47^b	57.89^e	7.59^a	29.03^f
Herbicide (%)	39.96^a	39.04^a	66.67^abc	66.67^ab	0.00^e	23.21^f	63.02^b	89.47^cd	53.80^a	91.94^d
Insecticide (%)	22.75^a	12.63^b	14.29^ab	30.30^b	23.65^b	5.36^a	24.76^b	84.21^c	1.27^a	58.06^d
Dikes and bunds (%)	30.86^a	36.06^b	47.62^ab	60.61^bc	--	92.86^d	39.23^a	78.95^cd	32.28^a	67.74^c
Number of equipment types (#)	4.64^a	3.79^b	3.38^ab	6.21^c	2.49^a	7.64^d	4.72^b	6.95^cd	6.76^cd	7.23^cd
Number of equipment types (#)	(3.55)	(3.08)	(3.88)	(5.41)	(0.63)	(2.65)	(3.61)	(4.97)	(3.97)	(2.87)
Total production costs ($ ha⁻¹)	270.00^a	216.54^b	243.50^a	335.31^b	108.48^d	275.78^a	417.19^e	247.61^a	382.45^c	356.02^bc
Total production costs ($ ha⁻¹)	(176.42)	(385.32)	(75.08)	(119.22)	(25.22)	(56.97	(181.88)	(142.73)	(89.80)	(89.71)
Average cost per kg of paddy rice ($ kg⁻¹)	0.27^a	0.33^b	0.36^b	0.37^b	0.17^c	0.31^a	0.30^a	0.58^d	0.22^e	0.54^f
Average cost per kg of paddy rice ($ kg⁻¹)	(0.13)	(0.15)	(0.17)	(0.12)	(0.04)	(0.00)	(0.07)	(0.22)	(0.01)	(0.13)
% of farmers that do not apply N	44.41^a	61.12^b	23.81^abc	27.27^a	--	14.29^bcd	9.97^d	21.05^abcd	21.52^ab	11.29^cd
% of farmers that do not apply P	54.70^a	73.59^b	23.81^cd	42.42^b	--	30.36^bc	13.50^d	94.74^a	57.59^e	24.19^c
% of farmers that do not apply K	53.31^a	69.26^b	23.81^abc	39.39^a	--	28.57^ab	12.22^c	73.68^d	56.33^e	20.97^bc
Sample size (#)	1011	1896	21	33	351	56	311	19	158	62
Hub area (km²)	207,734	273,270	17,580	8842	4500	23,063	89,623	43,285	19,241	6100

The same letter indicates no significant difference at the 5% level. Values in parenthesis are standard deviations. The dominant cropping system in IL is rice-rice.