. 2021 Sep 15;271:108263. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108263

Table 5.

Five performance indicators of rice production sustainability across five climatic zones and two production systems.

	Irrigated lowland					Rainfed lowland
	Arid	Highlands	Humid	Semiarid	Subhumid	Highlands	Humid	Semiarid	Subhumid
Grain yield (kg ha⁻¹)
Population mean	5559^b	2536^c	4878^ab	4698^a	3240^d	1949^c	1505^b	1398^ab	1133^a
Attainable amount	7803	4281	8667	8187	5922	4178	4620	2321	2799
Exploitable gap	2244	1745	3789	3489	2682	2229	3116	923	1666
Gap (%)	29	41	44	43	45	53	67	40	60
Net profit ($ ha⁻¹)
Population mean	796^b	336^c	1293^d	1019^a	1003^a	223^b	337^c	106^ab	136^a
Attainable amount	1275	655	2159	1952	1776	622	1207	396	692
Exploitable gap	479	319	866	933	773	399	871	291	556
Gap (%)	38	49	40	48	44	64	72	73	80
Labor productivity (kg labor day⁻¹)
Population mean	192^c	22^a	46^ab	100^d	64^b	29^c	16^a	53^d	24^b
Attainable amount	190	37	75	188	146	99	40	106	56
Exploitable gap	−3	15	29	88	82	70	24	53	32
Gap (%)	−2	41	39	47	56	71	60	50	57
NUE (kg grain kg⁻¹N)
Population mean	129^a	–	143^ab	125^a	113^b	–	111^a	67^a	44^a
Attainable amount	170	–	239	176	88	–	188	229	74
Exploitable gap	41	–	97	51	−24	–	77	161	30
Gap (%)	24	–	41	29	−27	–	41	70	41
PUE (kg grain kg⁻¹N)
Population mean	968^a	–	714^ab	591^a	692^b	–	636^a	482^a	242^a
Attainable amount	1193	–	153	901	838	–	906	1375	338
Exploitable gap	225	–	−561	309	146	–	270	893	96
Gap (%)	19	–	−367	34	17	–	30	65	28

The same letter indicates no significant difference at the 5% level.

NUE and PUE values are compared only in Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Togo, Niger, Senegal and Benin.