Table 2.
Study characteristics.
| References | Randomization | Blindness | Control group (active or passive) | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Godfrey et al. (1985) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Active | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Inpatient Memory Impairment Scale |
| Godfrey and Knight (1985) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Active | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Inpatient Memory Impairment Scale |
| Yohman et al. (1988) | Randomized controlled trial | Double-blinded | Passive | Wechsler Memory Scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Luria Memory Words Test Trail Making Test – Part B |
| Hannon et al. (1989) | Not randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Boston Remote Memory Test Babcock Story Recall Test Hidden Objects Test Memory Matrix Test Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test |
| Wetzig and Hardin (1990) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Active | Adaptation of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test |
| Steingass et al. (1994) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Reduzierter Wechsler Intelligenztest fur psychiatrische Patienten Mehrfachwahl Wortschatz Test, Version B Wechsler Memory Scale Categorized Verbal Memory Test Color-Word-Association Test Rey Figure Test Street-Map Test D2-Test |
| Fals-Stewart and Lucente (1994) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Active | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Tactual Performance Test Trail Making Test – Part B |
| Peterson et al. (2002) | Randomized controlled trial | Single-blinded | Passive | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Trail Making Test – Part B Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics |
| Goldstein et al. (2005) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Active | Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Trail Making Test Conners Continuous Performance Test |
| Fals-Stewart and Lam (2010) | Randomized controlled trial | Double-blinded | Active | Neuropsychological Assessment Battery-Screening Module (North American Adult Reading Test) |
| Rupp et al. (2012) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised Test Battery on Attentional Performance Trail Making Test Munich Verbal Memory Test Complex Figure Test Mehrfachwahl-Wortschatz-Test Multiple-choice vocabulary test designed to measure premorbid (verbal) intelligence Mini-Mental State Examination |
| Gamito et al. (2013) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Mini Mental Examination Test Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Color Trail Test Frontal Assessment Battery |
| Gamito et al. (2014) | Randomized controlled trial | Single blinded | Passive | Mini Mental State Examination Frontal Assessment Battery Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Color Trail Test |
| Eack et al. (2015) | Randomized controlled trial | Double-blinded | Passive | NIMH MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery |
| Rass et al. (2015) | Randomized control trial | Double-blinded | Active | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale N-back Task Visuo-spatial WM Task Trail Making Test Computerized Digit Symbol Substitution Task Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Hypothetical Delay Discounting Task The Quick Discounting Operant Task Modified computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task |
| Bell et al. (2016) | Randomized controlled trial | Non-blinded | Passive | Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Global Assessment of Functioning Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised |
| Brooks et al. (2016) | Not randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Trail making test |
| Gamito et al. (2016) | Randomized controlled trial | Double-blinded | Passive | Mini-Mental State Examination Frontal Assessment Battery |
| Bell et al. (2017) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Wechsler Test of Adult Reading Continuous Performance Test Trail Making Test – Part A Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised Brief Visual Motor Test Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Mazes |
| Brooks et al. (2017) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Trail Making Test |
| Gamito et al. (2017) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Passive | Mini Mental Examination Test Frontal Assessment Battery Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test Semantic Verbal Fluency Task Action Verbal Fluency Task Phonologic Verbal Fluency Task Toulouse Pieron Test's Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Iowa Gambling Task's Color Trails Test's |
| Gunn et al. (2018) | Randomized controlled trial | NP | Active | Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Near transfer: Rotation Span Reading Span Auditory Consonant Trigram Moderate transfer: Running Letter Span Running Spatial Span Keep Track |
| Hendershot et al. (2018) | Randomized controlled trial | Double-blinded | Active | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale |
| Zhu et al. (2018) | Randomized controlled trial | Double-blinded | Passive | Chinese version of the CogState Battery Delay Discounting Task Iowa Gambling Task Balloon Analog Risk Task |
| Khemiri et al. (2019) | Randomized control trial | Double-blinded | Active | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery |
| Rezapour et al. (2019) | Randomized controlled trial | Single blind | Active | Trial Making Test Digit Span Test Stroop Color-Word Test Verbal Fluency Test Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Digit Symbol Substitution Test |
NP, not provided.