Table 3.
Intervention characteristics.
| References | Intervention details | Program | Cognitive functions | Follow-up | Dosea | Sessionsb | Lengthc | Sessions/ weekd | Difficulty level | Type of training |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Godfrey et al. (1985) | The memory training program comprised learning and information retrieval tasks, orientation tasks, and exercises to recall recent events for a total of 8 weeks. | Memory training program | Memory | 12 months | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP | NP |
| Godfrey and Knight (1985) | The experimental group performed several memory training taks, with associated learning tasks, Reality Orientation Training, image recognition, and memory retention tasks for recent events. | Memory training program | Memory | 14/15 weeks | 32 h | 32 sessions | 1 hour | 4 times a week | NP | Manual |
| Yohman et al. (1988) | The memory training included verbal mediation and also focused on verbal images/materials or “chunking.” | Cognitive training | Multiple skills (learning, memory, problem solving, and perceptual motor) | 3 weeks | ± 10 h | 20 sessions | ± 30 min | 10 daily sessions | Gradually increased difficulty | NP |
| Hannon et al. (1989) | The techniques included in the memory program included exercises with visual imagery, attention exercises, external cue strategies, and exercises with verbal strategies. | Memory retraining | Memory | No follow-up | 8 h | 8 sessions | 1 h | Once a week | NP | Manual |
| Wetzig and Hardin (1990) | A modification of the hierarchical learning intervention designed by Sanders et al. (1975) was used, namely for adults. Thus, the experimental group was provided with a hierarchical cumulative learning program. | Cognitive retraining | Multiple skills (cognitive flexibility, problem solving, and abstract reasoning) | No follow-up | ± 90 min | 2 sessions | 45 min | 2 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Manual |
| Steingass et al. (1994) | The intervention consisted of imagery (dual coding) as well as associations of the content. Memory tasks were both verbal and spatial. | Memory training | Attention and memory | No follow-up | ± 12 h (training sessions) | 12 training sessions / 6 memory-games sessions | 1 h (training sessions) | Twice a week training session + daily memory games/scanning tasks | NP | Manual |
| Fals-Stewart and Lucente (1994) | Thirteen cognitive rehabilitation computer programs were used to remedy cognitive deficits. | Cognitive rehabilitation | Multiple skills (spatial orientation, attention, word memory, and motor) | 6 months | ± 40 h | 48 sessions | 50 min | 2 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Peterson et al. (2002) | The NeurXerciseTM program consists of several modules in a computerized format to assist individuals who have brain impairment. | NeurXerciseTM (computerized cognitive remediation program) | Multiple skills (memory, visuomotor coordination, and visuospatial) | No follow-up | 15 h | 15 sessions | 1 h | NP | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Goldstein et al. (2005) | The cognitive training program included tasks related to spatial abilities, visual scanning, perceptual analysis, concept Formation, and psychomotor speed. The program included tasks of rapid scanning and complex attention. | Version of the Goldman rehabilitation training | Multiple skills (visuospatial abilities, attention, reasoning, and speed of information processing) | No follow-up | 7.5 h | 15 sessions | 30 min | 5 times a week | NP | NP |
| Fals-Stewart and Lam (2010) | PSS CogReHab is a software with four modules that aims to improve the functioning of several cognitive domains. The modules are: foundations, visuospatial, problem solving, and memory. | PSS CogReHab | Multiple skills (attention, memory, executive functioning, visuospatial, and abstract reasoning) | 3, 6, 9, and 12 months | ± 20 h | 24 sessions | 50 min | 3 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Rupp et al. (2012) | The Cogpack software includes 62 exercises, each one with 20 alternative variants focused on attention, memory and executive functioning. | Cogpack software | Multiple skills (attention, executive function, and memory domains) | No follow-up | ± 12 h | 12 sessions | 45–60 min | 3 times a week | Possible to choose the degree of difficulty | Computerized |
| Gamito et al. (2013) | The cognitive stimulation program included exercises related to the development of executive functioning skills. Each session consisted of WM, attention, and logical reasoning exercises. | Cognitive stimulation | Multiple skills (attention, WM, and logical reasoning) | No follow-up | 12 h | 12 sessions | 1 h | 3 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Gamito et al. (2014) | The intervention consisted of exercises related to developing executive functioning skills. There were WM, attention, and logical reasoning exercises. | Cognitive stimulation | Executive functioning | After intervention follow-up | 10 h | 10 sessions | 1 h | 2/3 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Eack et al. (2015) | Cognitive Enhancement Therapy is a computer-based training aimed at developing cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and problem solving. | Cognitive Enhancement Therapy | Multiple skills (attention, memory, and problem solving) | No follow-up | 60 h | NP | NP | NP | NP | Computerized |
| Rass et al. (2015) | Cogmed, the WMT program used in this study, included 12 manipulation/maintenance of sequences of information tasks (both verbal and visuo-spatial). | Cogmed QM – WMT | WM | No follow-up | ± 18.75 h | 25 sessions | 45 min | 3/5 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Bell et al. (2016) | Posit Science was used for cognitive training, namely the BrainFitness (auditory) and Insight (visual) sets. | Posit Science – Cognitive Training | Verbal memory and verbal learning | 3 and 6 months | ± 65 h | 65 sessions | 1 h | 5 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Brooks et al. (2016) | “Curb Your Addiction (C-Ya)”computerized task, the WMT program used in this study, included up to 20 sessions of a N-back modified task. | “Curb Your Addiction (C-Ya)”computerized task | WM | No follow-up | ±10 h | 20 sessions | 30 min | 5 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Gamito et al. (2016) | The cognitive stimulation program included sessions related to WM, attention and logical reasoning. The tasks progressively increased the level of difficulty. | Cognitive stimulation | Multiple skills (attention, WM, and logical reasoning) | No follow-up | ± 8 h | 10 sessions | 45–50 min | 2/3 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Bell et al. (2017) | Posit Science was used for cognitive training, namely the BrainFitness (auditory) and Insight (visual) sets. | Posit Science – Cognitive Training | Multiple skills (WM and executive functioning) | 3 and 6 months | ± 65 h | ± 65 sessions | 1 h | 5 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Brooks et al. (2017) | “Curb Your Addiction (C-Ya)”computerized task, the WMT program used in this study, included up to 20 sessions of a N-back modified task. | “Curb Your Addiction (C-Ya)”computerized task | WM | No follow-up | ±10 h | 20 sessions | 30 min | 5 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Gamito et al. (2017) | The cognitive training program included tasks related to developing executive functioning. | Cognitive training | Executive functioning | End of the treatment follow-up | 10 h | 10 sessions | 1 h | 2/3 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Gunn et al. (2018) | The active WMT consisted of the adaptive Operation Span (OS) and Symmetry Span (SS) tasks. | WMT | WM | 30 days | NP | 15 sessions | NP | ± 3/4 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Hendershot et al. (2018) | The Cogmed QM program consists of computerized training that includes adaptive memory span tasks in order to contribute to the improvement of WM (verbal and visuospatial). | Cogmed QM 3.0 – Cognitive Training | WM | 30 days | ± 22.5 h | ± 30 sessions | 45 min | 6 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Zhu et al. (2018) | The Computerized Cognitive Addiction Therapy includes two attention bias control tasks and two WM tasks. | Mobile-Based Computerized Cognitive Addiction Therapy – Cognitive Rehabilitation | WM | No follow-up | 20 h | 20 sessions | 1 h | 5 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Khemiri et al. (2019) | Each cognitive training session comprised eight verbal and visuospatial WM exercises. | Cogmed – Cognitive Training | WM | Weekly follow-up | 10/18 h | 20/25 sessions | 30/45 min | 5 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Computerized |
| Rezapour et al. (2019) | The cognitive rehabilitation program used was NECOREDA. This is a pencil-and-paper extension, developed for the rehabilitation of the main cognitive functions affected in substance use disorder. Also included are concepts of psychoeducation in cognitive rehabilitation. | NEuroCOgnitiveREhabilitation for Disease of Addiction program (NECOREDA) – Cognitive Rehabilitation | Multiple skills (attention, WM, visuospatial process, verbal skills, and executive functions) | 1, 3, and 6 months | 16 h | 16 sessions | 1 h | 2 times a week | Gradually increased difficulty | Manual |
a
Total number of training/stimulation/rehabilitation hours.
b
Total number of cognitive training/stimulation/rehabilitation sessions.
c
Session length (minutes).
d
Number of sessions per week.
NP, not provided.