Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by LTRA use in normal, MCI, and AD groups following propensity score matching
| Normal | MCI | AD | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| User (n = 350) | Non-user (n = 1050) | SMD | p value | User (n = 200) | Non-user (n = 600) | SMD | p value | User (n = 151) | Non-user (n = 453) | SMD | p value | |
| Baseline demographics | ||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 70.30 (9.71) | 70.37 (9.56) | 0.007 | 0.904 | 73.75 (8.86) | 73.94 (8.76) | 0.021 | 0.795 | 75.35 (9.73) | 75.24 (10.13) | 0.011 | 0.907 |
| Female | 261 (74.6%) | 793 (75.5%) | 0.022 | 0.775 | 110 (55.0%) | 321 (53.5%) | 0.030 | 0.774 | 93 (61.6%) | 265 (58.5%) | 0.063 | 0.566 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.41 (6.21) | 29.70 (6.78) | 0.045 | 0.475 | 27.82 (5.54) | 27.92 (6.17) | 0.018 | 0.831 | 27.03 (6.05) | 26.93 (5.08) | 0.018 | 0.842 |
| Education (years) | 15.77 (3.29) | 15.81 (2.82) | 0.013 | 0.822 | 15.23 (3.32) | 15.15 (3.27) | 0.024 | 0.770 | 13.87 (4.51) | 14.03 (3.77) | 0.038 | 0.670 |
| Smoking history (total years smoked > 0) | 158 (45.1%) | 471 (44.9%) | 0.006 | 0.975 | 86 (43.0%) | 273 (45.5%) | 0.050 | 0.594 | 60 (39.7%) | 199 (43.9%) | 0.085 | 0.420 |
| Dementia measures | ||||||||||||
| CDR global score | 0.019 | 0.838 | 0.065 | 0.697 | 0.119 | 0.659 | ||||||
| 0 | 316 (90.3%) | 942 (89.7%) | 25 (12.5%) | 72 (12.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||||||
| 0.5 | 34 (9.7%) | 108 (10.3%) | 172 (86.0%) | 523 (87.2%) | 58 (38.4%) | 200 (44.2%) | ||||||
| 1 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (0.8%) | 61 (40.4%) | 168 (37.1%) | ||||||
| 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 28 (18.5%) | 73 (16.1%) | ||||||
| 3 | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (2.6%) | 12 (2.6%) | ||||||
| APOE ε4 carrier | 116 (33.1%) | 347 (33.0%) | 0.002 | 1.000 | 84 (42.0%) | 247 (41.2%) | 0.017 | 0.901 | 81 (53.6%) | 252 (55.6%) | 0.040 | 0.741 |
| Vascular dementia | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 | - | 7 (3.5%) | 29 (4.8%) | 0.067 | 0.555 | 6 (4.0%) | 14 (3.1%) | 0.048 | 0.793 |
| AD medication use | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001 | - | 52 (26.0%) | 155 (25.8%) | 0.004 | > 0.999 | 100 (66.2%) | 302 (66.7%) | 0.009 | > 0.999 |
| Other respiratory medication use | ||||||||||||
| Allergy medications | 152 (43.4%) | 477 (45.4%) | 0.040 | 0.556 | 82 (41.0%) | 240 (40.0%) | 0.020 | 0.868 | 51 (33.8%) | 163 (36.0%) | 0.046 | 0.694 |
| COPD medications | 27 (7.7%) | 58 (5.5%) | 0.088 | 0.175 | 27 (13.5%) | 65 (10.8%) | 0.082 | 0.370 | 17 (11.3%) | 48 (10.6%) | 0.021 | 0.940 |
| Rescue inhaler for asthma | 82 (23.4%) | 178 (17.0%) | 0.162 | 0.009 | 40 (20.0%) | 129 (21.5%) | 0.037 | 0.726 | 36 (23.8%) | 92 (20.3%) | 0.085 | 0.421 |
| Maintenance inhaler for asthma | 136 (38.9%) | 350 (33.3%) | 0.115 | 0.070 | 78 (39.0%) | 211 (35.2%) | 0.079 | 0.372 | 49 (32.5%) | 140 (30.9%) | 0.033 | 0.800 |
Continuous variables expressed as mean (standardized deviation); categorical variables expressed as counts (proportion)
Abbreviations: AD Alzheimer’s disease, BMI body mass index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MCI mild cognitive impairment, and SMD standardized mean difference