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. 2021 Aug 13;12:718254. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.718254

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Copyright © 2021 Ahmed, Tossas-Betancourt, van Bakel, Primeaux, Weadock, Lu, Zampi, Salavitabar and Figueroa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) typically undergo staged palliation consisting of three consecutive surgeries. (A) Stage 1 Norwood procedure consists of an aortic reconstruction and BT shunt implantation. (B) Stage 2 Hemi-Fontan procedure consists of superior cavo-pulmonary connection using an intra-cardiac patch. (C) Stage 3 Lateral Tunnel Fontan procedure consists of a total cavo-pulmonary connection using a modified intra-atrial patch.