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. 2021 Aug 19;8:713536. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713536

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Copyright © 2021 Si, Liu, Cheng, Zhao, Zhou, Yu, Chen, Ding, Sun, Lu and Guo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Diagram of the effects of HRW on oxalate-induced kidney injury. The increased CaOx crystals induced by high oxalate diet activate NADPH oxidase and enhance renal ROS production. ROS can further activate PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and TGF-β pathways, increasing the production of inflammatory factors and collagen deposition, promoting inflammation and fibrosis. HRW may alleviate oxalate-induced kidney injury through improving oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis via suppressing PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and TGF-β signaling pathways.