Table 1.

Cardio-respiratory effects of flexible bronchoscopy

Respiratory system	Hemodynamic status
• Increase of airway resistances • Work of breathing enhancement • Alveolar de-recruitment and lung collapse (in particular during suctioning and BAL) • Worsening of gas exchange	• Alterations of intrathoracic pressures • Increased sympathetic stimulation • Cardiac distress (in particular in cardiopathic, fragile, and unstable patients)

Respiratory system

Hemodynamic status

• Increase of airway resistances

• Work of breathing enhancement

• Alveolar de-recruitment and lung collapse (in particular during suctioning and BAL)

• Worsening of gas exchange

• Alterations of intrathoracic pressures

• Increased sympathetic stimulation

• Cardiac distress (in particular in cardiopathic, fragile, and unstable patients)

BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage