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. 2021 Aug 31;16:6067–6094. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S322900

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© 2021 Zhang et al.

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TEM images and particle size distributions of Au NPs stabilized by DDS, and free carbenes (1−3^R) stabilized Au NPs prepared by the top-down and bottom-up approaches. (A) DDS-Au NP, (B) 1^R•Au NP^TD, (C) 2^R•Au NP^TD, (D) 3^R•Au NP^TD, (E) 1^R•Au NP^BU, (F) 2^R•Au NP^BU, (G) 3^R•Au NP^BU. Reprinted with permission from Man RWY, Li CH, MacLean MWA, et al. Ultrastable gold nanoparticles modified by bidentate N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. J Am Chem Soc. 2018;140:1576-1579. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society.⁶³