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. 2021 Sep 4;40:101280. doi: 10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101280

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Fig. 1 — Erythrocyte-mediated systemic antiviral immunization. A systemic antiviral immune response is elicited by erythrocytes decorated with virus-mimetic nanoparticles (VNPs) that present the antigenic SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit and the TLR7/8 agonist R848. The innate functions of erythrocytes include spleen enrichment and immune system interactions. VNP-decorated erythrocytes induce the maturation of antigen-presenting cells and robust humoral and cellular immune responses in the spleen.