Fig. 3.

Preparation and characterization of VNP-decorated erythrocytes. (a) Schematic of binding VNPs with erythrocytes. Gray and blue separately indicate PDA-NPs and the attached adjuvant and antigen. (b) CLSM images of VNP-erythrocytes (top) and unmodified erythrocytes (bottom). VNPs were labeled with FITC (green). Scale bar, 5 µm. (c, d) SEM (c) and TEM (d) images of VNP-erythrocytes and erythrocytes. Scale bar, 2 µm. (e) Flow cytometry histograms of unmodified erythrocytes and VNP-erythrocytes with FITC-labeled VNPs. (f, g) Visual agglutination assay (f) and phosphatidylserine expression (g) of erythrocytes after binding with different ratios of VNPs. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 4).