Figure 8.

Cases of extreme disjunct distributions among different parasitic plant functional groups. A, Pyrularia (Santalaceae), including P. edulis (photo by Z. Zhou), and P. pubera (photo by L. Teixeira-Costa). B, Korthalsella (Santalaceae; photo by J. Sullivan) including multiple species. C, Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae), including C. grandiflora (photo by M. Costea) and C. kilimanjari (photo by B. Wursten). D, Hydnoraceae, including Prosopanche (photo by R. Machado) and Hydnora (photo by D. Keats). E, Apodanthaceae, including Apodanthes (photo by N. Chaisoung) and Pilostyles (photo by G. Ceccantini). Red question marks: uncertain phylogenetic position; triangles: clades with multiple species; dashed arrows: western Gondwanan breakup; black arrows: hypothesized direction of long-distance dispersion; stem group ages estimated by (A) Zhou et al. (2019), (B) Sultan (2014), (C) Neumann et al. (2020), (D–E) Naumann et al. (2013).