Table 1.
Characteristics of the 205 Black and White Mothers Enrolled in the PREVAIL Cohort from Birth to 6 Months
| Maternal–Infant characteristic | Description | Black (n = 92), n (%) | White (n = 113), n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health-related factors | ||||
| Maternal age, years | 18–24 | 27 (29.4) | 9 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| 25–34 | 52 (56.5) | 80 (70.8) | ||
| ≥35 | 13 (14.1) | 24 (21.2) | ||
| First child (primiparous) | Yes | 31 (33.7) | 55 (48.7) | 0.026 |
| No | 61 (66.3) | 58 (51.3) | ||
| Delivery mode | Cesarean | 33 (35.9) | 45 (39.8) | 0.674 |
| Vaginal | 59 (64.1) | 68 (60.2) | ||
| Diabetesa | Yes | 14 (15.2) | 21 (18.8) | 0.588 |
| No | 78 (84.8) | 92 (81.2) | ||
| Hypertensiona | Yes | 27 (29.3) | 19 (16.8) | 0.035 |
| No | 65 (70.7) | 94 (83.2) | ||
| Obese (prepregnancy) | Yes | 63 (68.5) | 33 (29.2) | <0.001 |
| No | 29 (31.5) | 80 (70.8) | ||
| Preterm delivery | Term (37–42 weeks) | 85 (92.4) | 110 (97.4) | 0.191 |
| Preterm (35–36 weeks) | 7 (7.6) | 3 (2.7) | ||
| Infant birthweight, g | <2,500 | 10 (10.9) | 2 (1.8) | 0.019 |
| 2,500–3,999 | 79 (85.9) | 104 (92.0) | ||
| ≥4,000 | 3 (3.3) | 7 (6.2) | ||
| Breastfeeding support and related factors | ||||
| Received breastfeeding counseling in pregnancy | Yes | 54 (58.7) | 53 (49.9) | 0.216 |
| No | 38 (41.3) | 60 (53.1) | ||
| Delivery hospital is Baby-Friendly | Yes | 66 (71.7) | 35 (31.0) | <0.001 |
| No | 26 (28.3) | 78 (69.0) | ||
| Worked outside the home | By 6 weeks postpartum | 16 (17.4) | 12 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| >6 weeks to 4 months | 37 (40.2) | 77 (68.1) | ||
| After 4 months if at all | 39 (42.4) | 24 (21.2) | ||
| Marital status | Married/part of a couple | 37 (40.2) | 104 (92.0) | <0.001 |
| Single/divorced/separated | 55 (59.8) | 9 (8.0) | ||
| Breastfeeding intention | ||||
| Intended to initiate BF | Yes | 76 (82.6) | 106 (93.8) | 0.014 |
| No | 16 (17.4) | 7 (6.2) | ||
| Intended to BF for 3 months | Yes | 44 (47.8) | 80 (70.8) | 0.002 |
| No | 48 (52.2) | 33 (29.2) | ||
| Intended to BF for 6 months | Yes | 41 (44.6) | 71 (62.8) | 0.011 |
| No | 51 (55.4) | 42 (37.2) | ||
| Socioeconomic position | ||||
| Maternal education | ≤ High school graduate | 72 (78.3) | 19 (16.8) | <0.001 |
| Beyond high school | 20 (21.7) | 94 (83.2) | ||
| Insurance type | Public | 89 (96.7) | 21 (18.6) | <0.001 |
| Private | 3 (3.3) | 92 (81.4) | ||
| Household income (annual) | <$25,000 | 53 (57.6) | 8 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| $25,000–49,999 | 24 (26.2) | 15 (13.3) | ||
| ≥$50,000 | 9 (9.8) | 88 (77.9) | ||
| Unknown | 6 (6.5) | 2 (1.8) | ||
| Residential neighborhood deprivation index | Quartile 1: Least deprived | 8 (8.7) | 50 (44.3) | <0.001 |
| Quartile 2 | 13 (14.1) | 36 (31.9) | ||
| Quartile 3 | 27 (29.4) | 23 (20.4) | ||
| Quartile 4: Most deprived | 44 (47.8) | 4 (3.5) | ||
a
Gestational and prepregnancy combined.
BF, breastfeeding; PREVAIL, Pediatric Respiratory and Enteric Virus Acquisition and Immunogenesis Longitudinal.