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. 2021 Sep 4;12(9):831. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-04092-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A The four types of breast cancers have distinct oncobiome compositions. PCA plot using NBClust shows that TN breast cancer oncobiome is strikingly different from the other three breast cancer subtypes studied. The unique aspects of the oncobiomes of each breast cancer subtype are represented as violin plots showing the full distribution of the data. ER+ BC shows the most diversity in oncobiome. B Using topological data analysis, we further show the similarity in the oncobiomes of triple positive and ER positive BCs, while both Her2+ and triple-negative breast cancer have oncobiome characteristics very different from other BCs. C Bar graphs showing different types and phyla of oncobiome in the four breast cancer subtypes. D Venn diagrams show the viral and microbial signatures that are shared and unique to the four breast cancer subtypes.