Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to self-reported oral health
| Gooda | Faira | Poora | P-value | P-for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | (N = 597) | (N = 406) | (N = 186) | ||
| Gender (men) | 255 (42.7 %) | 200 (49.3 %) | 69 (37.1 %) | 0.014 | 0.699 |
| Age (years) | 73.6 ± 5.9 | 75.8 ± 6.0 | 78.0 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Living alone | 144 (24.1 %) | 130 (32.0 %) | 63 (33.9 %) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Education level (years) | 6.6 ± 4.0 | 5.8 ± 3.5 | 4.9 ± 3.1 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Medical aid(monthly income < USD 500) | 33 (5.5 %) | 35 (8.6 %) | 22 (11.8 %) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.3 | 24.7 ± 3.7 | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 0.184 | 0.184 |
| Multimorbidity | 284 (47.6 %) | 213 (52.5 %) | 118 (63.4 %) | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 336 (56.3 %) | 238 (58.6 %) | 123 (66.1 %) | 0.059 | |
| Arthralgia | 268 (44.9 %) | 201 (49.5 %) | 113 (60.8 %) | 0.001 | |
| Diabetes | 111 (18.6 %) | 73 (18.0 %) | 55 (29.6 %) | 0.002 | |
| Heart failure | 37 (6.2 %) | 24 (5.9 %) | 17 (9.1 %) | 0.297 | |
| Malignancy | 28 (4.7 %) | 25 (6.2 %) | 13 (7.0 %) | 0.394 | |
| Polypharmacy | 113 (18.9 %) | 93 (22.9 %) | 64 (34.4 %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive dysfunction by MMSE | 170 (28.5 %) | 148 (36.5 %) | 101 (54.3 %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Depression by CES-D | 298 (49.9 %) | 248 (61.1 %) | 146 (78.5 %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| SPPB score | 8.7 ± 2.4 | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 7.2 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Malnutrition by MNA-SF | 158 (26.5 %) | 142 (35.0 %) | 92 (49.5 %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 16.1 ± 3.9 | 15.8 ± 4.3 | 14.6 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Frailty status by CHS | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
| Robust | 108 (18.1 %) | 58 (14.3 %) | 17 (9.1 %) | ||
| Prefrail | 401 (67.2 %) | 259 (63.8 %) | 109 (58.6 %) | ||
| Frail | 88 (14.7 %) | 89 (21.9 %) | 60 (32.3 %) | ||
| ADL disability | 75 (12.6 %) | 86 (21.2 %) | 52 (28.0 %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| IADL disability | 119 (19.9 %) | 121 (29.8 %) | 77 (41.4 %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fall in the past year | 102 (17.1 %) | 93 (22.9 %) | 56 (30.1 %) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Data presented as means ± standard deviations or numbers (%)
aAccording to the oral health item score, the groups were defined as good (3), fair (4–7), and poor (8–15)
ADL activities of daily living; BMI body mass index; CES-D Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; CHS Cardiovascular Health Study; IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination; MNA-SF Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; SMI Skeletal Muscle Index; SPPB Short Physical Performance Battery