Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants in the Indian Chronic Kidney Disease study
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 4056) | Missing prescription data (n = 90) |
|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic factors | ||
| Male gender | 2725 (67.2) | 54.0 (60.0) |
| Age, yrs | 50.3 ± 11.8 | 44.6 ± 13.7 |
| Education | ||
| Uneducated | 1088 (27.0) | 27 (30.3) |
| Below high school | 1374 (34.0) | 29 (32.6) |
| Completed school | 538 (13.3) | 14 (15.7) |
| College and above | 1038 (25.7) | 19 (21.4) |
| Rural residence | 2626 (64.7) | 65 (72.2) |
| Hazardous occupational exposurea | 2035 (50.4) | 24 (27.0) |
| Hypertension | 3487 (87.0) | 52 (59.1) |
| Diabetes | 1485 (37.5) | 18 (20.5) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 876 (21.8) | 16 (19.5) |
| Tobacco use | 747 (18.6) | 10 (11.5) |
| Medical insurance available | 1276 (32.1) | 21 (23.9) |
| Annual income, USD | $1680 ($1008–$4200) | $1680 ($756–$3780) |
| Annual medication cost, USD | $285.6 ($84.0–$571.2) | $319.2 ($161.3–$537.6) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.4 (21.6–27.4) | 22.6 (20.4–26.7) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 130 (120–144) | 133 (122–146) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 80 (78–90) | 84 (70–90) |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 40.5 (33.7–50.8) | 37.0 (30.8–49.0) |
| uACR, mg/g | 29.2 (10.7–304.3) | 11.3 (8.2–194.6) |
| <300 | 2817 (74.5) | 60 (81.1) |
| 300–1000 | 583 (15.4) | 10 (13.5) |
| >1000 | 384 (10.1) | 4 (5.4) |
| Causes of CKD | ||
| CAKUT | 37 (0.9) | 1 (1.1) |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | 598 (14.8) | 18 (20.0) |
| Chronic interstitial nephritis | 940 (23.2) | 18 (20.0) |
| Diabetic kidney disease | 1011 (24.9) | 17 (18.9) |
| Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 320 (7.9) | 3 (3.3) |
| Other | 208 (5.1) | 11 (12.2) |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 139 (3.4) | 2 (2.2) |
| Renovascular disease | 15 (0.4) | 0.00 |
| Unknown | 788 (19.4) | 20 (22.2) |
BMI, body mass index; CAKUT, congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; uACR, urine albumin to creatinine ratio; USD, U.S. dollar.
Data shown as mean ± SD, median (25th–75th percentile), and n (%).
a
Work performed around sand, dust, chemicals, or animals, or working barefoot in fields.