Table 1.
Sample characteristics by diagnostic group.
| Characteristic | ASD (n = 183) | DD (n = 77) | TD (n = 211) | NS (n = 288) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | |
| Male, n (%) | 156 | (85) | 55 | (71) | 121 | (57) | 176 | (61) |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||||
| White | 97 | (53) | 35 | (46) | 145 | (69) | 180 | (63) |
| Black | 12 | (7) | 8 | (10) | 16 | (8) | 24 | (8) |
| Asian | 2 | (1) | 2 | (3) | 6 | (3) | 8 | (3) |
| Pacific Islander | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | 1 | (< 1) | 1 | (< 1) |
| Multiracial | 7 | (4) | 6 | (8) | 6 | (3) | 12 | (4) |
| NR | 65 | (36) | 26 | (34) | 37 | (18) | 62 | (22) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 11 | (6) | 5 | (7) | 14 | (7) | 19 | (7) |
| Maternal education (years) | 15.57 | (2.28) | 16.18 | (2.27) | 15.84 | (2.20) | 15.91 | (2.21) |
| ADOS, n (%) | 183 | (100) | 41 | (53) | 47 | (22) | 88 | (31) |
| Age (months) | 28.79 | (7.42) | 29.19 | (7.45) | 26.20 | (7.35) | 27.59 | (7.51) |
| SA CSS | 6.24 | (2.11) | 2.39 | (1.43) | 1.79 | (1.16) | 2.07 | (1.32) |
| RRB CSS | 6.89 | (2.32) | 4.00 | (2.32) | 2.62 | (2.20) | 3.26 | (2.35) |
| Total CSS | 6.37 | (2.07) | 2.15 | (1.22) | 1.60 | (0.93) | 1.85 | (1.10) |
| MSELa, n (%) | 183 | (100) | 77 | (100) | 157 | (74) | 234 | (81) |
| Age (months) | 27.97 | (7.34) | 28.66 | (6.74) | 27.89 | (6.77) | 28.15 | (6.74) |
| VR | 40.12 | (14.12) | 46.29 | (12.00) | 60.46 | (10.52) | 55.76 | (12.88) |
| FM | 38.02 | (13.11) | 43.64 | (11.83) | 54.55 | (10.73) | 50.93 | (12.22) |
| RL | 32.63 | (14.01) | 42.53 | (13.02) | 57.10 | (9.85) | 52.27 | (12.95) |
| EL | 33.70 | (13.17) | 37.64 | (11.11) | 54.88 | (11.46) | 49.16 | (13.94) |
| ELC | 75.10 | (20.77) | 86.19 | (16.51) | 113.36 | (15.80) | 104.34 | (20.50) |
| Nonverbal DQ | 87.11 | (19.99) | 97.04 | (18.25) | 116.81 | (16.18) | 110.31 | (19.25) |
| Verbal DQ | 69.40 | (28.59) | 85.34 | (22.07) | 116.63 | (20.93) | 106.33 | (25.87) |
ASD: autism spectrum disorder; DD: developmentally delayed; TD: typically developing; NS: non-spectrum; NR: not reported; ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; SA: Social Affect; CSS: calibrated severity score; RRB: restrictive/repetitive behavior; MSEL: Mullen Scales of Early Learning; VR: Visual Recognition; FM: Fine Motor; RL: Receptive Language; EL: Expressive Language; ELC: Early Learning Composite; DQ: developmental quotient; NS groups include DD and TD children. MSEL T scores based on M = 50, SD = 10; ELC based on M = 100 and SD = 15.
a
MSEL subscale and composite scores were not reported for n = 7; DQs were provided.